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切羅基語 (Cherokee: Tsalagi) 是一种切罗基族使用的易洛魁語。是唯一尚在使用的 南易洛魁語。
音韻系統
Cherokee only has one labial consonant, , which is relatively new to the language, unless one counts the Cherokee w a labial instead of a velar.
子音(輔音)
| 雙唇音 | 齒齦音 | 顎音 | 軟顎音 | 喉音 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 塞音 | t | k | |||
| 塞擦音 | |||||
| 擦音 | s | h | |||
| 鼻音 | m | n | |||
| 通音 | j | ||||
| 邊音 | l |
母音(元音)
| 前舌音 | 中舌音 | 後舌音 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 閉母音 | i | u | |
| 半開母音 | e | o | |
| 開母音 | a |
雙母音
切羅基語僅有一個雙母音：- ai
An exception is the modern Oklahoma use of the loanword "automobil," with the sound and sound of English.
文法
Cherokee, (or Tsalagi, its name in its own language) like most Native American languages, is polysynthetic. As in the case of German or Latin, units of meaning, called morphemes, are linked together and occasionally form very long words. Cherokee verbs, constituting the most important word type, must contain as a minimum a pronominal prefix, a verb root, an aspect suffix, and a modal suffix. For example, the verb form ke:ka, "I am going," has each of these elements. The pronominal prefix is k-, which indicates first person singular. The verb root is -e, "to go." The aspect suffix that this verb employs for the present-tense stem is -k-. The present-tense modal suffix for regular verbs in Cherokee is -a. Verbs can also have prepronominal prefixes, reflexive prefixes, and derivative suffixes. Given all possible combinations of affixes, each regular verb can have 21,262 inflected forms.
切羅基語字音表
Cherokee is written in a syllabary invented by 塞闊雅 (a.k.a. George Guess). In his system, each symbol represents a syllable rather than a single phoneme. While the number of syllables in English (tens of thousands) defies the use of a syllabary, the 85 characters in the Cherokee syllabary provide a suitable method to write Cherokee. Some symbols do resemble Latin alphabet letters, but the sounds are completely different (the form of the letter for "a" resembles Latin D, for example). Sequoyah had seen English writing, but didn't know how to write it; in all known cases where a person invented a script after seeing phonetic writing, but without knowing how to write, the results have been syllabaries.
(注意在下列表中 v 是一個鼻化母音)
聲調
Cherokee has a robust tonal system in which tones may be combined in various ways, following subtle and complex tonal rules that vary from community to community. While the tonal system is undergoing a gradual simplification in many areas (no doubt as part of Cherokee's often falling victim to second-language status), the tonal system remains extremely important in meaning and is still held strongly by many, especially older speakers. It should be noted that the syllabary does not normally display tone, and that real meaning discrepancies are rare within the native-language Cherokee-speaking community. The same goes for transliterated Cherokee ("osiyo," "dohitsu," etc.), which is rarely written with any tone markers, except in dictionaries. Native speakers can tell the difference between tone-distinguished words by context.
電腦表示法
切羅基語字型的Unicode表示法，字型值的範圍從 U+13A0 到 U+13F4。
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |||
| 13A0 | Ꭰ | Ꭱ | Ꭲ | Ꭳ | Ꭴ | Ꭵ | Ꭶ | Ꭷ | Ꭸ | Ꭹ | Ꭺ | Ꭻ | Ꭼ | Ꭽ | Ꭾ | Ꭿ | |
| 13B0 | Ꮀ | Ꮁ | Ꮂ | Ꮃ | Ꮄ | Ꮅ | Ꮆ | Ꮇ | Ꮈ | Ꮉ | Ꮊ | Ꮋ | Ꮌ | Ꮍ | Ꮎ | Ꮏ | |
| 13C0 | Ꮐ | Ꮑ | Ꮒ | Ꮓ | Ꮔ | Ꮕ | Ꮖ | Ꮗ | Ꮘ | Ꮙ | Ꮚ | Ꮛ | Ꮜ | Ꮝ | Ꮞ | Ꮟ | |
| 13D0 | Ꮠ | Ꮡ | Ꮢ | Ꮣ | Ꮤ | Ꮥ | Ꮦ | Ꮧ | Ꮨ | Ꮩ | Ꮪ | Ꮫ | Ꮬ | Ꮭ | Ꮮ | Ꮯ | |
| 13E0 | Ꮰ | Ꮱ | Ꮲ | Ꮳ | Ꮴ | Ꮵ | Ꮶ | Ꮷ | Ꮸ | Ꮹ | Ꮺ | Ꮻ | Ꮼ | Ꮽ | Ꮾ | Ꮿ | |
| 13F0 | Ᏸ | Ᏹ | Ᏺ | Ᏻ | Ᏼ |
A single Cherokee font is supplied with Mac OS X, version 10.3 (Panther) and later. Cherokee is also supported by free fonts found at languagegeek.com, and the shareware fonts Code2000 and Everson Mono.
參考文獻
- Pulte, William, and Durbin Feeling. 2001. Cherokee. In: Garry, Jane, and Carl Rubino (eds.) Facts About the World's Languages: An Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages: Past and Present. New York: H. W. Wilson. (Viewed at the Rosetta Project)
- Scancarelli, Janine. "Cherokee Writing." The World's Writing Systems. 1998: Section 53. (Viewed at the Rosetta Project)
參見
外部連結
- The Cherokee Language
- Cherokee (Tsalagi) Lexicon
- Cherokee Language & Resources
- Cherokee.org Dikanesdi (Lexicon)
- Tone and Pitch Accent in Cherokee Nouns (pdf)
- Echota Tsalagi Language Project
- Exploration of the Red River of Louisiana, in the year 1852 / by Randolph B. Marcy ; assisted by George B. McClellan. hosted by the Portal to Texas History. See Appendix H, which compares the English, Comanche, and Wichita languages.
ᏣᎳᎩ ᎧᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ | Cherokee (Sprache) | Cherokee language | Ĉeroka lingvo | Idioma cheroqui | Cherokee (langue) | 체로키어 | Bahasa Cherokee | Cherokee (taal) | Cherokesiska
"切羅基語"