Bài này định nghĩa một số thuật ngữ về phân bố xác suất của hai biến trở lên.
Xác suất có điều kiện (Conditional probability) là xác suất của một biến cố A nào đó, biến rằng một biến cố B khác xảy ra. Ký hiệu P(A|B), và đọc là "xác suất của A, biết B".
Xác suất hợp (Joint probability) là xác suất của hai biến cố cùng xảy ra. Xác suất hợp của A và B được ký hiệu hoặc
Xác suất biên duyên (Marginal probability) là xác suất của một biến cố mà không quan tâm đến các biến cố khác. Marginal probability is obtained by summing (or integrating, more generally) the joint probability over the unrequired event. This is called marginalization. The marginal probability of A is written P(A), and the marginal probability of B is written P(B).
In these definitions, note that there need not be a causal or temporal relation between A and B. A may precede B, or vice versa, or they may happen at the same time. A may cause B, or vice versa, or they may have no causal relation at all.
Conditioning of probabilities, i.e. updating them to take account of (possibly new) information, may be achieved through Bayes' theorem.
Equivalently, we have
Two random events A and B are statistically independent if and only if
Thus, if A and B are independent, then their joint probability can be expressed as a simple product of their individual probabilities.
Equivalently, for two independent events A and B,
and
In other words, if A and B are independent, then the conditional probability of A, given B is simply the individual probability of A alone; likewise, the probability of B given A is simply the probability of B alone.
Two events A and B are mutually exclusive if and only if
as long as
Then
In other words, the probability of A happening, given that B happens, is nil since A and B cannot both happen in the same situation; likewise, the probability of B happening, given that A happens, is also nil.
Bedingte Wahrscheinlichkeit | Conditional probability | Probabilidad condicionada | Probabilité conditionnelle | Probabilità condizionata | Voorwaardelijke kans | Prawdopodobieństwo warunkowe | Conditional probability | Betingad sannolikhet
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.
It uses material from the
"Xác suất có điều kiện".
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