వన్య శాస్త్రము

వన్య శాస్త్రము is the కళ, శాస్త్రము, మరియు అభ్యాసము of studying and managing అడవులు మరియు plantations, మరియు వాటికి సంబంధించిన సహజ వనరులు. దీనికి సన్నిహితమైన సిల్వీకల్చర్, చెట్లు మరియు అడవుల పెంపకము మరియు పోషణకు సంబంధించిన శాస్త్రము. ఆధునిక వన్య శాస్త్రము సాధారణముగా concerns itself with assisting forests to provide timber as raw material for wood products; wildlife habitat; natural water quality regulation; recreation; landscape and community protection; employment; aesthetically appealing landscapes; and a 'sink' for atmospheric carbon dioxide. A practitioner of forestry is known as a forester.

అడవులు have come to be seen as one of the most important components of the biosphere, and foresty has emerged as a vital field of science, applied art, and technology.

వన్యకారులు ఏమి చేస్తారు?

Foresters may be employed by industry, government agencies, conservation groups, urban parks boards, citizens' associations, or private landowners. Historically, foresters have been predominantly involved in planning the harvest of timber and the regeneration of new trees.

Typically, professional foresters develop "forest management plans". These plans rely on tree inventories showing an area's topographical features as well as its distribution of trees (by species) and other plant cover. They also include roads, culverts, proximity to human habitation, hydrological conditions, and soil reports. Finally, forest management plans include the projected use of the land and a timetable for that use.

Plans for harvest and subsequent site treatment are influenced by the objectives of the land's owner or leaseholder (for instance, a timber company that holds cutting rights to a given tract of land, or the government in the case of state-owned forests). There is an increasing trend to consider the needs of other stakeholders (e.g., nearby communities or neighborhoods, or rural residents living within or adjacent to the forest tract), through public consultation. Plans are developed with the prevailing forest harvest laws and regulations in mind. They ultimately result in a prescription for the harvest of trees, and indicate whether road building or other forest engineering operations are required.

Traditional forest management plans are chiefly aimed at providing logs as raw material for timber, veneer, plywood, paper, or other industries. Hence, considerations of product quality and quantity, employment, and profit have been of central, though not always exclusive, importance.

Foresters also frequently develop post-harvest site plans. These may call for reforestation (tree planting by species), fertilization, or the spacing of young trees (thinning of trees that are crowding one another).

Other duties of foresters include preventing and combatting insect infestation, disease, forest and grassland fires. Foresters are specialists in measuring and modelling the growth of forests (forest mensuration). Increasingly, foresters may be involved in wildlife conservation planning.

చరిత్ర

In the Western world, formal forestry practices developed during the Middle Ages, when land was largely under the control of kings and barons. Control of the land included hunting rights, and though peasants in many places were permitted to gather firewood and building timber and to graze animals, hunting rights were retained by the nobility. Systematic management of forests for a sustainable yield of timber is said to have begun in the German states in the 16th century, and probably somewhat earlier in Japan. Typically, a forest was divided into specific sections and mapped; the harvest of timber was planned with an eye to regeneration.

The enactment and evolution of forestry laws and binding regulations occurred in most Western nations in the 20th century in response to growing conservationist social ideals and the increasing technological capacity of logging companies.

Tropical forestry is a separate branch of forestry which deals mainly with equatorial forests that yield woods such as teak and mahogany. Sir Dietrich Brandis is considered the father of tropical forestry.

నేటి వన్యశాస్త్రము

Today a strong body of research exists regarding the managing of forest ecosystems, selection of species and varieties, and tree breeding. Forestry also includes the development of better methods for the planting, protecting, thinning, controlled burning, felling, extracting, and processing of timber. One of the applications of modern forestry is reforestation, in which trees are planted and tended in a given area.

In many regions the forest industry is of major ecological, economic, and social importance. Third-party certification systems that provide independent verification of sound forest stewardship and sustainable forestry have become commonplace in many areas since the 1990s.

In topographically severe forested terrain, proper forestry is important for the prevention or minimization of serious soil erosion or even landsliding. In areas with a high potential for landsliding, good forestry can act to prevent property damage or loss, human injury, or loss of life.

Deforestation, a net deficit in the area covered by forest over time, results from the sustained removal of trees without sufficient reforestation. It can be deliberate, as when land is cleared for farming, grazing, or human habitation, or unintentional, particularly where uncontrolled grazing prevents natural regrowth of young trees. Closely related to deforestation is cumulative loss of habitat and water quality caused by the conversion of complex natural forests into plantations. Although the total area covered by forest may not change, the provision of ecosystem services often declines over time, even with the application of modern forestry techniques.

A division has arisen in recent years between advocates and opponents of active forest management, as growing concerns about environmental problems arising from massive deforestation (especially in the equatorial rainforests) have highlighted forestry as an issue for serious environmentalist concern. In some cases deforestation is the result of a lack of forestry, particularly in areas subject to overgrazing by livestock. In other cases it is a result, at least partly, of 'bad' logging practices. The single largest cause of deforestation is land conversion. The main contributors to land conversion are urbanization and agriculture practices.

వన్యశాస్త్ర విద్య

వన్య శాస్త్రమును చాలా కాలము ముందునుండే మధ్య ఐరోపాలో భోదిస్తున్నప్పటికినీ, వన్యశాస్త్ర విద్యకు అంకితమైన మొదటి వన్యశాస్త్ర విద్యాలయమును 1787వ సంవత్సరములో జార్జ్‌ హార్టీగ్‌ జర్మనీలోని డిల్లెన్‌బర్గ్‌ వద్ద స్థాపించెను. ఉత్తర అమెరికాలో మొదటిది ఆష్‌విల్ల్‌, ఉత్తర కరోలినా దగ్గర జార్జ్‌ వాండర్బిల్ట్‌, ఆ ప్రాంతములో లాగింగ్‌(చెట్ల నరికివేత) వలన జరిగిన నష్టమును చూచి వన్యశాస్త్ర విద్యాలయము స్థాపించినాడు. దాదాపు తన బిల్ట్‌మోర్‌ ఎస్టేట్‌ భూములు మొత్తము పూర్తిగా 1895నుండి ఖాలీ నేలనుంచి పెద్దపెద్ద వృక్షాలుగా పెరిగిన నిర్వహించబడ్డ అడవే. తొలి ఉత్తర అమెరికా వన్యకారులు పందొమ్మిదవ శతాబ్దమునుండి వన్య శాస్త్రము అభ్యసించుటకు జర్మనీకి వెళ్ళేవారు. కొంతమంది తొలి జర్మనీ వన్యకారులుకూడా ఉత్తర అమెరికా వలస వెళ్ళారు.

ఈ రొజుల్లో, ఒక ఆమోదయోగ్యముగా శిక్షణ పొందిన వన్యకారుడు సాధారణముగా జీవ శాస్త్రము, వృక్ష శాస్త్రము, జన్యు శాస్త్రము, నేల విగ్ఞానము, climatology, hydrology, మరియు ఆర్ధిక శాస్త్రములు అభ్యసించి ఉండవలెను. ఇవేకాక basics of sociology మరియు రాజనీతి శాస్త్రము యొక్క పరిజ్ఞానము ఉండడము అనుకూలతగా పరిగణిస్తారు.

scope of work opens up for అంతర్జాతీయ రాజకీయాలలో అభిరుచి ఉన్న వన్యకారులకు ఒక అనూహ్యమైన. Forest Policy Education Network (FPEN) వంటి సంస్థలు are dedicated to facilitate the way into అటవీ రాజకీయాలు మరియు to exchange information on the subject.

వన్యశాస్త్ర సంస్థలు

అంతర్జాతీయ వన్యశాస్త్ర విద్యార్ధుల సంఘము ప్రపంచములోని వన్యశాస్త్ర విద్యార్ధులందరి సమూహము. వన్యశాస్త్ర విద్యార్ధుల యొక్క సాంప్రదాయిక విద్యను ప్రధానముగా extracurricular activities, అనుభవాలు మరియు సమచారము యొక్క మార్పిడి ద్వారా విస్త్రుతమైన, ప్రపంచ వ్యాప్త దృక్పధము కలుగజేసి మెరుగు పరచుటయే వారి ప్రాధమిక లక్ష్యము.

ఇవికూడా చూడండి

ఆంధ్ర దేశ వృక్షములు మన వృక్షములు మీట మీద నొక్కండి

బాహ్య లింకులు

Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE), Dehradun

రిఫరెన్సులు

Charles H. Stoddard Essentials of Forestry. New York: Ronald Press, 1978.
G. Tyler Miller. Resource Conservation and Management. Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing, 1990.
Chris Maser. Sustainable Forestry: Philosophy, Science, and Economics. DelRay Beach: St. Lucie Press, 1994.
Hammish Kimmins. Balancing Act: Environmental Issues in Forestry. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1992.
Herb Hammond. Seeing the Forest Among the Trees. Winlaw/Vancouver: Polestar Press, 1991.
"Forestry" in the Encyclopaedia Brtitannica 16th edition. New York: E.B., 1990.

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