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マドラサ（مدرسة, madrasa: アラビア語）はイスラーム世界における学院。元々は単純にアラビア語で「学ぶ場所、学校」を意味するだけだったが、11世紀に制度的に確立し、イスラーム世界の高等教育機関として広く普及した。モスクと併設される場合も多く、一般に寄進財産で運営。近代の世俗教育の普及によって、宗教教育の専門機関となった。
歴史
マドラサは、イスラーム世界の創成期からあった機関ではなかった。その起源は、ムスリムがモスクでイスラームの教義などを話し合ったことに由来するとされる。ムスリムたちは、このモスクでの対話を通じて、コーランやその教義について理解を深めた。その際に、講師役を務めて会合をまとめた人物が「シャイフ」（長老、老人を指すアラビア語、それが転じて集団の長を意味し、ウラマーやスーフィーを指すこともある）とみなされた。彼らは定期的に「マジュリス」（集会所、サロン、議会を指すアラビア語）と称される会合を開き、イスラーム諸学についての研鑽を積んだ。
10世紀より、ホラーサーン地方で各地の実力者によってマドラサが建設され、11世紀後半、セルジューク朝のワジール（宰相）ニザームルムルクが、国家主導の公的な学術・教育機関としてマドラサを各都市に配置した。これらは、彼の名をとってニザーミーヤ学院と称され、スンナ派法学を中心として諸学の振興が図られた。（当時有力であったイスマーイール派（ニザール派）による活発な布教活動への対抗があったとも指摘される。のちにニザームルムルクは、イスマーイール派の一派に属する「暗殺教団」に殺害されたといわれる。）
The word madrasah (مدرسة in Arabic) means school or "learning center". It is often transliterated as madrasah, madrash, medresa, or madressa. This word also exists in many Arabic-influenced languages such as Urdu, Persian, Turkish, Kurdish, Indonesian, Malaysian and Bosnian. In Arabic language, the word مدرسة implies no sense other than that which the word school represents in the English language, such as private, public or parochial school, as well as for any primary or secondary school whether Muslim, non-Muslim or secular. Unlike the understanding of the word school in British English, the word madrasah is referred to as a university in American English. The appropriate word for the university, however, is al-Jami'ah. The Hebrew cognate "midrasha" also connotes the meaning of a place of learning.
It is commonly understood that wherever the governments failed to provide general education to its common citizens, private religious establishments succeeded to take the lead to fill this gap and administer the educational system of the country according to their own principles. In this context, a madrasah herewith is referred as an Islamic school for the Muslims, just as a parochial school for the Catholics or the yeshiva for the orthodox Jews. Although these institutions are academically assigned to provide general education, they also feel obliged to teach their students about the fundamentals of their religion. In the case of a madrasah, Islam. In some cases female students are also allowed to attend certain madrasahs, however they must sit in separate class rooms or buildings. A typical madrasah usually offers two courses of study: a "hifz" course; that is memorisation of the Qur'an (the person who commits the entire Qur'an to memory is called a hafiz); and an 'alim course leading the candidate to become an accepted scholar in the community. A regular curriculum includes courses in Arabic, Tafsir (Qur'anic interpretation), shari'ah (Islamic law), Hadith (recorded sayings and deeds of Prophet Muhammad), Mantiq (logic), and the Islamic History. Depending on the educational demands, some madrasahs also offer additional advanced courses in Arabic literature, English, and other foreign languages as well as science and world history.
People of all ages attend, and many often move on to becoming imams. The certificate of an `aalim for example, requires approximately twelve years of study. A good number of the huffaz (plural of hafiz) are the product of the madrasahs. The madrasahs also resemble colleges, where people take evening classes and reside in dormitories. An important function of the madrasahs is to admit the orphans and poor children in order for to provide them with education and training.
There are approximately 10,000 madrasahs currently operating in Pakistan. Contrary to some media reports, only 0.3 percent of the Pakistani school age children are enrolled in the traditional madrasahs. This is according to Pakistan's 1998 Population Census *. Other sources estimate that enrollment at 1–1.5 million children although the 1998 Population Census found only 150,000 children. Orphans, migrants, and part-time students may explain the discrepancy. Regardless, percentage wise, the madrasah enrollment is relatively insignificant. There are some madrasah-like institutions also exist in North America and in Europe. Established in 859 A.D. Jami'at al-Qarawiyyin (located in Al-Qarawiyyin Mosque) in the city of Fas (Fez), it is not only considered the oldest madrasah in the Muslim world but perhaps the first University ever established in the world.
Criticism
Due to administrative mishandling, radical political indoctrination of students and adopting a more conservative view of the simple teachings of Islam, especially in certain Muslim countries such as Pakistan, the madrasahs nowadays are frequently deemed as ideological and political training grounds for hatred against the West. In Pakistan in particular, the heavy emphasis on religious teachings to the exclusion of more economically viable subject areas has been criticised.
According to a report published by Research and Analysis Wing, India's external intelligence organisation, several madrassas in Pakistan are used for training young Muslim students for militant and terrorist activities .
See also
- Islamic architecture
- Mutaween
- Taliban Former Afghan Madrasah students
- Yeshiva - Jewish religious schooling.
External links
- A traditional Afghan madrassa: Islam Way Online - Your Religion and Spirituality Portal
- Alexander Evans, Understanding Madrasahs, Foreign Affairs, Jan/Feb 2006: *
Evans argues that although conservative madrasahs supposed links to terrorism and militancy are usually mythical.
関連項目
Madrassa | Medresa | Madrasa | Madrassa | Madrasa | Madraza | Médersa | Madrassa | Medresa | Медресе | Madrassa | Medrese
"マドラサ"