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A yard is a horizontal spar on a mast from which square sails are set, constructed from either timber or steel. Numerous items of standing and running rigging are attached to the yard to allow the crew to control the sails and to work aloft. For some decades after sails were dispensed with, some yards were retained for deploying wireless (radio) aerials and signal flags.
Parts of the yard
- Bunt : The short section of the yard between the slings that attach it to the mast.
- Quarters : The port and starboard quarters form the bulk of the yard, extending from the slings to the fittings for the lifts and braces.
- Yardarms : The outermost tips of the yard.
Note that these terms refer to stretches of the same spar, not to separate component parts.
Controlling the yard
To allow the direction of the vessel to be changed relative to the wind the yard can rotate around the mast. When running directly downwind the yards are 'squared', pointing perpendicular to the ship's centre line. As the ship is steered closer to the wind the yards are braced round using the braces. When further rotation is obstructed by other bits of rigging (typically the shrouds), the yard is said to be braced hard round. This angle (normally about 45 degrees) limits how close to the wind a square rigged ship can sail.
The yards represent a considerable weight high above the vessel's centre of gravity. To increase stability, especially in heavy weather, some means is normally provided to lower some of the yards when they are not being used to set sails. In Nineteenth century warships (where a large crew was available) this was generally by physically "sending down" the upper yards from the masts and storing them on deck - along with, in many cases, the upper sections of the mast itself. Merchant ships in the age of sail would also do this before sailing in the Southern Ocean. On modern tall ships the yards are not designed to be sent down on deck, but 'lifting yards' that can be raised and lowered along a short section of mast using a halyard are often used.
As well as rotating round the mast and moving up and down along it, the yards on many ships are designed to tilt relative to the mast. This allows the sails to be set more efficiently when the ship is heeled over by raising the leeward yardarm to bring the yard closer to the horizontal. This is achieved using the lifts, which run from each yardarm to the mast some way above. On some ships only the course lifts can be adjusted (the others being fixed lifts intended only to support the yard when not hoisted), with the influence of the course yard being sufficient to tilt all the sails. Some ships have their yards mounted on mechanical swivels with no possibility of tilting them.
Going aloft
In order to set and stow the square sails, the crew must climb aloft and spread out along the yards. To do this, they stand in footropes suspended beneath the yard and balance themselves between that and the yard itself. The person working on the yardarm has a separate footrope known as the flemish horse. Jackstays run along the top of the yard - the sail will be bent on to one of them, but a second one is often provided (particularly on larger yards) for the crew to hold onto. These are usually steel rods, but stiff cordage stretched between the yardarms was used in the past.
Almost all ships used in modern times are fitted with steel safety wires (sometimes erroneously called jackstays) along the yards to which sailors attach themselves using a harness. This is a relatively recent innovation - cargo-carrying and naval sailing ships were not so equipped and falling from the yard represented a real (though less than commonly imagined) risk.
Setting square sails
The yard exists to allow square sails to be set to drive the ship. The top edge of the sail is 'bent on' (attached) to the yard semi-permanently. Clewlines and buntlines are led along the yard and from there to the mast and down to deck. These allow the bottom of the sail to be hoisted up to the yard, so the sail is effectively folded in two. In this state the sail is said to be "in its gear", that is ready for setting or stowing. To set the sail the clewlines and buntlines are let go, and the sheets (attached to the bottom corners - clews - of the sail) are adjusted to shape the sail to best catch the wind. For lifting yards the yard must be hoisted to the top of its travel to set the sail.
To stow (hand) the sail the sheets are released and the clewlines and buntlines are pulled tight. The sail folds in half - back in its gear - and no longer catches the wind. The crew must then go out along the yard in order to bundle the sail up tightly and tie it down with gaskets.
Manning the yards
When coming into port, especially during the Tall Ships' Races many modern square riggers will 'man the yards'. All the crew not required on deck to handle the ship will go aloft and spread out along the yards. This manoeuvre was originally used to display the whole crew to the harbour authorities and the other ships present, to show that the ship's guns were not manned and hence her intentions were peaceful.
The Mexican Navy's training ship Cuauhtémoc is famous for manning its yards with its crew standing on the yards themselves, rather than in footropes.
"Sun over the yardarm"
This phrase is widely used, both afloat and ashore, to indicate that the time of day has been reached at which it is acceptable, variously, to have lunch or (more commonly) to have an alcoholic beverage. In modern parlance, the latter usage typically refers to early evening, but the phrase is thought originally to have referred to late morning and to the sun's ascent past a particular yard.
The actual time that the sun would pass a particular yard would depend greatly on the ship's latitude and heading, as well as the height of her masts, but the phrase seems to have originated in the north Atlantic, where, in summer, this would have typically been at about 11 a.m.. This was the time at which, by custom and rule, the first rum "tot" of the day was issued to officers and men (the officers had their tots neat, while the men had theirs diluted with water), hence its connection with taking one's first alcoholic drink of the day.
The earliest mention of this phrase collected by the OED is in Rudyard Kipling's From Sea to Sea in 1899, where it is used as a metaphor referring to drinking habits.
Sources:
– M.Quinion (2000), "World Wide Words", retrieved 3 May 2006.
– "The Phrase Finder" (2002), retrieved 3 May 2006.
– ibid. (2002), retrieved 3 May 2006.
See also
- Glossary of nautical termsAlthough non-commissioned officers (n.c.o.)were allowed to drink their rum ration neat, commissioned officers did not partake of the daily rum ration, and there was no allowance in the rum taken on board for them to do so.
Other related articles
References
Anon. B.R. 67(1/51), Manual of Seamanship Volume I (1951) HMSO
Ship construction | Nautical terms | Sailing vessels and rigging
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"Yard (sailing)"