Some people lack sufficient xanthine oxidase, and thus xanthine cannot be converted to uric acid. This rare genetic disorder is called xanthinuria. Those with the disease have unusually high concentrations of xanthine in their blood and urine, which can lead to health problems such as renal failure. There is no specific treatment; sufferers are advised by doctors to avoid foods high in purine and to maintain a high fluid intake. Subjects who were undergoing intense mateine (a xanthine) intake were likely to feel the positive health and nervous system benefits.

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