Urethritis is an inflammation of the urethra. The symptoms are dysuria, which is pain (usually burning pain) on urination (micturition) and frequency.

Diagnosis

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A swab inserted 1–4cm into the urethra and rotated once. The swab is smeared onto a glass slide and examined under the microscope. A commonly used cut-off for the diagnosis of urethritis is 5 or more polymorphs per high power field, but this definition has recently been called into doubt.

Tests of gonorrhoea and chlamydia are sent on the swab.

Causes

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In the diagnostic approach to urethritis, physicians classify the disease as gonococcal urethritis or non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU), based on its causation. Non-gonococcal urethritis, sometimes called non-specific urethritis (NSU), has both infectious and non-infectious causes. In men, purulent discharge usually indicates a urethritis of gonococcal nature, while clear discharge indicates urethritis of non-gonococcal nature. Urethritis is difficult to diagnose in women because discharge may not be present, however, the symptoms of dysuria and frequency may be present.

Causes include:

• Neisseria gonorrhoeae
• Chlamydia trachomatis
• Mycoplasma genitalium
• Adenovirus
• Herpes simplex

A variety of drugs may be prescribed based on the cause of the patient's urethritis. Some examples of medications based on causes include:

• Clotrimazole (Mycelex) - Trichomonas
• Doxycycline (Vibramycin) - Chlamydia
• Fluconazole (Diflucan) - Monilial
• Metronidazole (Flagyl) - Trichomonas
• Nitrofurantoin - Bacterial Infection
• Nystatin (Mycostatin) - Monilial
• Sulfamethoxazole with trimethoprim - Bacterial Infection

Proper perineal hygiene should be stressed. This includes avoiding use of vaginal deodarant sprays and proper wiping after urination and bowel movements. Intercourse should be avoided until symptoms subside.

References

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Inflammations | Infectious diseases

Urethritis | Urétrite | דלקת השופכה | Urethritis | Virtsaputkentulehdus