Tourettism refers to tics associated with conditions other than Tourette syndrome.

Tourette syndrome (TS) is an inherited neurological condition. Although Tourette syndrome is the most frequent cause of tics, other sporadic, genetic, and neurodegenerative disorders may also exhibit tics. These cases are referred to as "tourettism", secondary causes of tics, or identified as "sporadic" TS.Mejia NI, Jankovic J. Secondary tics and tourettism. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2005;27(1):11-7. PMID 15867978 Full-text PDF "Not all that tics is Tourette's" is an expression that sums up the need for an accurate differential diagnosis when tics are present.

Secondary causes of tics

• Dystonia
  • Torsion dystonia
  • Idiopathic dystonia
• Genetic/chromosomal
  • Chromosomal abnormalities
  • Citrullinemia
  • Down syndrome
  • Duchenne muscular dystrophy
  • Fragile X syndrome
  • Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome
  • Huntington's disease
  • Klinefelter's syndrome
  • Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
  • Neuroacanthocytosis
  • Neurodegeneration
  • Phenylketonuria
  • Schizophrenia
  • Tuberous sclerosis
  • Wilson disease
  • XYY syndrome
• Infectious or post-infectious
  • Encephalitis
  • Mycoplasma pneumoniae
  • Sydenham's chorea
• Developmental
  • Autism spectrum disorders, pervasive developmental disorders, Asperger's syndrome, Rett syndrome
  • Mental retardation
  • Static encephalopathy
• Toxins/insults/acquired
  • Carbon monoxide poisoning
  • Cerebral palsy
  • Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
  • Fetal alcohol syndrome
  • Head trauma
  • Hypoglycemia
  • Intrauterine exposure to illicit drugs
  • Intrauterine infections
  • Mercury
  • Neurocutaneous syndromes
  • Neurosyphilis
  • Perinatal asphyxia
  • Stroke
  • Wasp venom
  • Drugs
    • Levodopa (Dopar, Larodopa)
    • Carbamazepine (Atretol, Epitol, Tegretol)
    • Lamotrigine (Lamictal)
    • Phenytoin (Dilantin)
    • Phenobarbital
    • Antipsychotics (tardive tics, e.g.; haloperidol)Bharucha KJ, Sethi KD. "Tardive tourettism after exposure to neuroleptic therapy." Mov Disord. 1995 Nov;10(6):791-3. PMID 8749999

See also

• Tic
• Tic disorder
• Tourette syndrome
• Causes and origins of Tourette syndrome

Notes