Gourt Home::Gourt :: Tissue factor
Tissue factor, also called thromboplastin, factor III or CD142 is a protein present in subendothelial tissue, platelets, and leukocytes necessary for the initiation of thrombin formation from the zymogen prothrombin. Thrombin formation ultimately leads to the coagulation of blood.
Genetics
The F3 gene is located on chromosome 1p22-p21.
Structure
The protein structure of TF consists of three domains:
1. a domain which is located outside the cell, this domain binds factor VIIa. The binding of VIIa to TF occurs via protein-protein interactions by both molecules.
Factor VIIa is a protein which consists of several domains. One of these domains, the carboxylated GLA domain, binds in the pressence of calcium to negatively charged phospholipids. Binding of VIIa to negatively charged phospholipids greatly enhances the protein-protein binding of VIIa to TF.
2. a domain which crosses the hydrophobic membrane.
3. a domain of 21 amino acids length inside the cell which is involved in the signaling function of TF.
Function
TF is the cell surface receptor for the serine protease factor VIIa.
1. The best known function of tissue factor is its role in blood coagulation. The complex of TF with factor VIIa catalyzes the conversion of the inactive protease factor X into the active protease factor Xa.
Together with factor VII, tissue factor forms the tissue factor or extrinsic pathway of coagulation. This is oppossed to the intrinsic (amplification) pathway which involves both activated factor IX and factor VIII. Both pathways lead to the activation of factor X (the common pathway) which combines with activated factor V in the presence of calcium and phospholipid to produce thrombin (thromboplastin activity).
2. TF is related to a protein family known as the “cytokine receptor class II family”. The members of this receptor family are activated by cytokines. Cytokines are small proteins that can influence the behavior of white blood cells. Binding of VIIa to TF has also been found to start signaling processes inside the cell. The signaling function of TF/VIIa plays a role in the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) and in the inhibition of the process of cell suicide (apoptosis)
Location
TF is expressed by cells which are normally not exposed to flowing blood such as sub-endothelial cells (e.g. smooth muscle cells) and cells surrounding blood vessels (e.g. fibroblasts). This can change when the blood vessel is damaged by for example physical injury or rupture of atherosclerotic plaques. Exposure of TF expressing cells during injury allows the complex formation of TF with factor VIIa, accelerating activity of factor VIIa about thousandfold.
The inner surface of the blood vessel consists of endothelial cells. Endothelial cells do not express TF except when they are exposed to inflammatory molecules such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Another cell type that expresses TF on the cell surface in inflammatory conditions is the monocyte (a white blood cell).
References
- RCSB molecule of the month (March 2006)
See also
"Tissue factor"