Thioredoxin Reductase (TR, TrxR) () are the only known enzymes to reduce thioredoxin (Trx). All known kingdom of organisms contain thioredoxin reductase. Two types of thioredoxin reductase evolved independently: prokaryotes, archia and most plants have one type; higher eukaryotes and some plants contain a different one which contains selenocysteine. 3 TRs exist in animals: TR1, TR3 and TGR. Both TR1Jakupoglu C, Przemeck GK, Schneider M, Moreno SG, Mayr N, Hatzopoulos AK, de Angelis MH, Wurst W, Bornkamm GW, Brielmeier M, Conrad M. Cytoplasmic thioredoxin reductase is essential for embryogenesis but dispensable for cardiac development. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2005 Mar;25(5):1980-8. and TR3Conrad M, Jakupoglu C, Moreno SG, Lippl S, Banjac A, Schneider M, Beck H, Hatzopoulos AK, Just U, Sinowatz F, Schmahl W, Chien KR, Wurst W, Bornkamm GW, Brielmeier M. Essential role for mitochondrial thioredoxin reductase in hematopoiesis, heart development, and heart function. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2004 Nov;24(21):9414-23. are essential proteins for mouse enbryogenesis.

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