Taekwondo

Taekwondo (also spelled tae kwon do, taekwon-do, or taegwondo) is a martial art originating in Korea. An amalgamation of Chinese, Japanese, and traditional Korean fighting styles, taekwondo has become the world's most commonly practiced martial art, and is the national sport of Korea.

In Korean, derived from hanja, tae means "to kick or destroy with the foot"; kwon means "fist"; and do means "way" or "art". Hence, taekwondo is loosely translated as "the art of hand and foot" or "the way of the foot and the fist". Taekwondo's popularity has resulted in the divergent evolution of the art. As with many other martial arts, taekwondo is a combination of combat technique, self-defense, sport, exercise, entertainment, and philosophy.

Although there are great doctrinal and technical differences among private taekwondo organizations, the art in general emphasizes kicks thrown from a mobile stance, using the leg's greater reach and power to disable the opponent from a distance. In sparring, turning (roundhouse), 45 degree, front, axe, and side kicks are most often used; advanced kicks include jump, spin, skip, and drop kicks, often in combination. Taekwondo training also includes a comprehensive system of hand strikes and blocks, but generally does not emphasize grappling.

The development of taekwondo

Taekwondo has a diverse pedigree that combines Chinese and Japanese martial art forms with traditional Korean styles that date from the oldest known inhabitants of the Korean peninsula.

Traditional roots

The oldest Korean ancestor of taekwondo is an amalgamation of unarmed combat styles developed by three rival kingdoms in the earliest days of known Korean history. Young men were trained in unarmed combat techniques to develop strength, speed, and survival skills. The two most popular of these techniques were called subak and taekkyon.

One of the three kingdoms in early Korea was the Goguryeo dynasty, which occupied the northern portion of Korea and shared a border with China. The warriors of Goguryeo were trained in the subak style, which emphasized the leg as the primary weapon, due to its power and reach. Unlike grappling styles, such as jujitsu, subak focused on staying upright on one's feet rather than ground fighting, a legacy that persists in modern-day taekwondo. The warriors who practiced this art were known as sonbae.

As the Goguryeo kingdom grew in power, the neighboring Silla dynasty became comparatively weaker, and an effort was undertaken among the Silla to develop a corps of special warriors. The Silla had a regular army but its military training techniques were less advanced than those of the Goguryeo, and its soldiers were generally of a lesser caliber. The Silla selected young men, some as young as twelve, and trained them in the liberal arts. Those who demonstrated strong natural aptitude were selected as trainees in the new special warrior corps, called the Hwarang-do. It was believed that young men with a talent for the liberal arts may have the grace to become competent warriors. These warriors were instructed in academic as well as martial arts, learning philosophy, history, a code of ethics, and equestrian sports. Their military training included an extensive weapons program involving swordsmanship and archery, both on horseback and on foot, as well as lessons in military tactics and unarmed combat using the subak style.

Although subak was a leg-oriented art among the Goguryeo, the Silla added hand techniques. During the early Joseon dynasty, subak was divided into taekkyon (a more traditional Korean striking art) and yusul (a grappling art). The Korean people had traditionally favored upright techniques, dating back to the earliest subak methods of the Goguryeo, and the practice of yusul declined until only the striking aspect remained.

External influence

During the Japanese colonial period, the practice of taekkyon was discouraged and eventually banned. Teaching and practice of the art nearly vanished, and was saved from extinction only by underground teaching, and folk custom. Koreans were exposed to many Japanese martial arts such as karate during the occupation, and as the Japanese moved deeper into the continent, karate was adopted and mixed with traditional Korean martial arts such as taekkyon. Koreans in Manchuria and China also learned traditional Chinese martial arts. By 1945, when the Korean peninsula was liberated from foreign control, five martial arts schools under the style name of kong soo do or tang soo do, had been formed by men whose background was largely in Japanese karate.

Modern taekwondo

By the end of the Korean War, five more martial arts schools (known as kwan) had opened, and South Korean President Syngman Rhee ordered that the various schools should unify under a common name. A governmental body selected a naming committee's submission of "taekwondo" for the new unified from, and the Korean Taekwondo Association (KTA) formed in 1959 to facilitate the unification. Shortly after, taekwondo made its debut in North America, where Jhoon Rhee was teaching the art in Texas, but calling it karate (the name taekwondo was unknown in the West at the time). However, the unification effort in Korea stalled, as the kwan continued to teach different styles. Another request from the Korean government for unification resulted in the formation of the Korea Tae Soo Do Association, which changed its name back to the Korean Taekwondo Association in 1965 following a change of leadership. This new leader, General Choi Hong Hi, fell out of favor in South Korea following a goodwill trip to North Korea, and so Choi separated from the KTA and founded a new organization, the International Taekwondo Federation, in 1966.

In 1972, the Korea Taekwondo Association Central Dojang was opened. A few months later, the name was changed to the Kukkiwon, which means "National Technique Center." The Kukkiwon remains the the World Taekwondo Headquarters to this day. The following year, the World Taekwondo Federation was formed. The International Olympic Committee recognized the WTF and taekwondo sparring in 1980, and the sport was accepted as a demonstration event at the 1988 Seoul and the 1992 Barcelona Summer Olympic Games. It became an official medal event as of the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games. Taekwondo is one of two Asian martial arts (judo being the other) in the Olympic Games.

The WTF and ITF, the two largest taekwondo organizations, operate and train in dozens of nations and teach the art to millions of people each year.

Organizations

The largest taekwondo organization is the World Taekwondo Federation, headquartered in South Korea at the Kukkiwon. Although the terms "WTF" and "Kukkiwon" are often used interchangeably to refer to this organization, the "Kukkiwon" is the physical building that contains the administrative offices of World Taekwondo ("won" is a Korean term that literally means "building"). Olympic taekwondo is administrated by the World Taekwondo Federation, and WTF rules are used for Olympic taekwondo competition.

Outside of the World Taekwondo Federation and its sanctioned events, a large number of smaller private organizations exist, the most well-known of which is the the International Taekwon-do Federation. These organizations require that students belong to a member club or school that pays dues to the organization. Events and competitions held by such organizations are usually closed to other taekwondo students, whereas the World Taekwondo Federation allows any person, regardless of school affiliation or style, to compete in World Taekwondo Federation events. There are over 200 private taekwondo organizations in the world. The major technical difference among these many organizations revolves around the poomsae, a set of prescribed formal sequences of movements that demonstrate mastery of posture, positioning, and technique.

In addition to these private organizations, the original schools (kwan) that formed the organization that would eventually become the World Taekwondo Federation continue to exist as independent fraternal membership organizations that support the WTF. The official curriculum of the kwan is that of the Kukkiwon. The kwan also function as a channel for the issuing of Kukkiwon dan and poom certification (black belt ranks) for their members. Each kwan has its own individual pledge of tenets and manners that describes the organization's goals for personal improvement. For example, the tenets of oh do kwan have become very popular, and many taekwondo schools use them even though their roots are not originally from oh do kwan. The oh do kwan tenets are: courtesy, integrity, perseverance, self control, and indomitable spirit. In contrast, the jidokwan manners are: view, feel, think, speak, order, contribute, have ability and conduct rightly.

Features

Taekwondo is famed for its employment of kicking techniques, which distinguishes it from martial arts such as karate or certain southern styles of kung fu. The rationale is that the leg is the longest and strongest weapon a martial artist has, and kicks thus have the greatest potential to strike without retaliation.

Taekwondo as a sport and exercise is popular with people of both sexes and of many ages. Physically, taekwondo develops strength, speed, balance, flexibility, and stamina. An example of the union of mental and physical discipline is the breaking of boards, which requires both physical mastery of the technique and the concentration to focus one's strength.

Although each taekwondo club or school will be different, a taekwondo student can typically expect to take part in most or all of the following:

Learning the techniques and curriculum of taekwondo
Both anerobic and aerobic workout, including stretching
Self-defense techniques
Poomse, or patterns (also called forms) -- either tul, hyung, palgwe, or taeguk
Sparring, including step-sparring and/or free-style, arranged, hoshinsul and more
Relaxation exercises
Breaking (using techniques to break boards for testing, training & martial arts demonstrations)
Exams to progress to the next rank
A focus on mental, & ethical discipline, justice, etiquette, respect, and self confidence.

Some of the most well known taekwondo techniques include:

Front Kick (ap chagi): This is a very linear kick. The practitioner raises their knee to their waist, pulls their toes back and quickly extends their foot at an opponent. It is also known as the snap kick.
Side Kick (yop chagi): A very powerful kick that has somewhat fallen out of favor as competition has become progressively faster. The technique is very similar to the roundhouse, first the practitioner raises his knee and turns but instead of striking with the instep, they strike with the side or heel of their foot.
Turning Kick (dollyo chagi): The practitioner raises their knee, turns, pulls their toes back and extends the kick horizontally across his target.
Hook Kick (ap hurya chagi): A less popular kick traditionally, it has found increasing favor in modern competitions. The practitioner raises the knee in a fashion similar to the side kick, then extends the foot in a dorsal arc (would be clock-wise for the right foot) with the heel as the intended striking weapon. This is also known as the front hook kick.
Axe Kick (naeryo chagi): Another kick that has increased in popularity due to sparring competitons. The knee is raised in front of the body, the leg then extended and pulled down with the heel pointed downward. It is typically targeted toward the head or shoulders and requires significant flexibility to employ effectively. There are many styles of axe kicks. They are also known as downward kicks.
Crescent Kick (chiki chagi): There are two variations of this kick; outer cresent and the inner cresent. In outer, the practitioner raises the extended leg as high as he can, and slightly across the body, (a bit to the side of the intended target), they then sweep to the side in a circular (crescent) movement. For the inner, the motions are the same, but the direction of the kick changes, this time originating from the outside of the body, heading towards the inside of the body.
Spin Kicks (dwet chagi): There are a number of spinning kicks that involve the rotation of the entire body before the kick is released. Spinning kicks include the spinning side kick (dwet chagi), spinning hook kick (dwet hurya chagi), spinning axe kick, returning kick, and a number of other kicks of varying popularity.
Jump Kicks (twimyo chagi): There are also a number of kicks that involve jumping before their execution. These include jumping front kick (twimyo ap chagi), jumping side kick (twimyo yop chagi), flying side kick, jumping roundhouse (twimyo dollyo chagi) (sometimes referred to as butterfly kick, although this term is at times used for a distinct kick separate from the jumping roundhouse), jumping spinning hook kick, shuffle jump kick, and jump spinning side kick.

Some taekwondo instructors also incorporate the use of pressure points, known as ji ap sul as well as grabbing self-defense techniques borrowed from other martial arts, such as Hapkido and Judo.

See also: List of taekwondo techniques, Kick

Ranks, belts, and promotion

Like many martial arts, taekwondo has ten student ranks (called a gup, sometimes spelled geup or kup) and nine or ten black belt ranks (dan). New students begin at 10^th Gup (white belt) and advance down in number to 1^st Gup (red belt). Some schools have an additional intermediate rank called cho dan bo, meaning "black belt candidate" and sometimes abbreviated as dan bo. After some prescribed amount of time has passed, the student takes a dan test, after which the student becomes a 1^st dan.

Dan ranks then increase to a maximum of either 9^th dan (ITF) or 10^th dan (Kukkiwon). Kukkiwon does not allow students under 16 to attain dan ranks. Instead they earn poom ranks, or "junior black belt". Underage students may earn up to 4^th Poom, and all poom ranks convert automatically to dan ranks when the student comes of age and passes his or her next promotion^*Poom to dan conversion.

The grading in taekwondo consists of mainly the patterns, techniques and theory. The patterns are a display of punching and kicking techniques, and may also contain others such as breathing and stances. Theory is displayed verbally and expresses information on Korean words, vital information (such as vital points and rules) and a general understanding and knowledge of taekwondo.

Gup ranks and belt colors

The colored belt system is an artifact of Japanese influence on Korea during the occupation, and thus ultimately from Jigaro Kano, the founder of judo. Some organizations' leaders, like General Choi, assigned meanings to the various colors of the ranks^* Meaning of Belt Colors, representing the progression of a student from the snows of winter (white belt), through a cycle of the seasons representing the student's growth (yellow, green, blue, red), into the maturity of the black belt. The interpretation of the colors of the belt vary from school to school, and are sometimes omitted from instruction, as they did not have meaning when they were originally chosen. Neither the World Taekwondo Federation nor the Kukkiwon assign official meanings to the colors.

The correspondence of belt color to gup varies drastically from school to school, and can even change within the same school over time. Belt colors are most useful in allowing students and instructors within a school to quickly determine rank. The traditional and most common rank-color correspondence found in both Kukkiwon and ITF schoolsHistory of Belt Colors:

Gup	Color
9^th	White Belt
8^th	Yellow Belt
7^th	Varies
6^th	Green Belt
5^th	Varies
4^th	Blue Belt
3^rd	Varies
2^nd	Red or Brown Belt
1^st	Varies

The method by which colors are assigned for intermediate belt rankings (odd-numbered gup) is far less uniform. The two most most common approaches are to assigning a new color for each odd rank (such as a purple or orange belt for 7^th gup) or to mark the increase of rank with a stripe on the belt.

There is little uniformity in the colors of the intermediate belts. A purple belt could mean 5^th gup in one school, 3^rd gup in another, and may not even exist in another. The use of stripes also varies. The stripe can be a thin lateral stripe at the end of the belt, or a long stripe that runs the length of the belt. Its color also varies, but a common method is to use the color of the next even-numbered gup. A 7^th gup belt could be a yellow belt with a thin green stripe at the end, or a yellow belt with a long green stripe running its lengthExample of intermediate striped belts. "Mixed" belts are also used, which contain the colors of both even-numbered gup that the intermediate rank is between [http://www.martialartssupermarket.com/index.cfm?action=moreinfo&itemid=11702 Example of horizontally striped belts. Schools that use the thin lateral stripe sometimes mark it with nothing more than a piece of colored tape, which saves the student the expense of purchasing a new belt.

Even the typical even-numbered gup colors are sometimes omitted completely for the sake of simplicity, particularly the green belt. Commonly used colors may have different names at different schools (for example, one school's "yellow" belt is another school's "gold" belt). For clarity, taekwondo practitioners should always refer to their rank by number ("7^th gup") instead of by belt color.

The time required to advance in each gup level also varies from school to school, but typical rates are quarterly or monthly. Not all students advance at each promotional testing, and students at advanced gup ranks often wait one or more testing periods for their next promotion. Students with good attendance and strong aptitude may earn faster promotions than those with irregular attendance or effort. Gup rank advancement records are kept by the school of origin, and sometimes by the association headquarters.

Dan belts

The black belt system is more formal and standardized across the different schools of taekwondo. Generally, a dan black belt is either an unadorned black belt (the same for all ranks), or has a stripe across the tip for each rank (usually gold, silver, red or white). For example, a 5^th dan could have five lateral gold stripes across the end of the belt. Many black belts also have the name of the school on the right side of the belt, and the taekwondo practitioner's name on the left. The names can be written in any language, though having the school's name in Korean and the practitioner's name in his native language is common. According to General Choi, "The reason for nine black belt degrees is that the number three is a powerful number in the orient, and therefore three threes must be the most powerful." The 10^th dan is a very rare rank, generally awarded posthumously only to persons who have made great contributions to taekwondo. It should not be confused with the honorary dan. The Kukkiwon has only awarded four standard 10^{th^{dan, all posthumously, to the following men: Byong Lo Lee, Chong Soo Hong, Il Sup Chun and Nam Suk Lee. The WTF has also awarded two "honorary" Kukkiwon 10^th dan, both to individuals who were members of the IOC^*WTF Awards Honorary Kukkiwon 10^th Dan. The WTF, WTF Member National Associations and the Kukkiwon issue many honorary dan to political and non-political persons who make a contribution to the growth of taekwondo.}}

Generally speaking, one must wait one year per current dan level to progress to the next level. For example, a 3^rd dan must wait three years before he can progress into 4^th dan. There can also be an age requirement. For example, one must be at least 30 years old to qualify for 6^th dan in the Kukkiwon. The Kukkiwon allows shortened promotion times for exceptional accomplishments. For example, a practitioner who wins the World Championships is accorded an 80% discount on both the minimum time to advance and minimum age requirements^* Kukkiwon Shortened Time Requirements, up to a maximum promotion of 7^th dan.

Time & Age Limits for Poom or Dan Promotion ^* Article 8 : Time & Age Limits for Poom or Dan Promotion

Poom/Dan	Minimum Time Required for Promotion	Age Limits for Promotion
Poom/Dan	Minimum Time Required for Promotion	Start from Dan	Start from Poom

1^st Poom	N A	N A	Less than 15 Years Old
1^st to 2^nd Poom	1 year	N A	15?
2^nd to 3^rd Poom	2 year	N A	15?
3^rd to 4^th Poom	3 year	N A	18?
1^st Dan	N A	15 years and above	N A
1^st to 2^nd Dan	1 year	16 years and above	15 years and above
2^nd to 3^rd Dan	2 year	18 years and above	15 years and above
3^rd to 4^th Dan	3 year	21 years and above	18 years and above
4^th to 5^th Dan	4 year	25 years and above	22 years and above
5^th to 6^th Dan	5 year	30 years and above	30 years and above
6^th to 7^th Dan	6 year	36 years and above	36 years and above
7^th to 8^th Dan	8 year	44 years and above	44 years and above
8^th to 9^th Dan	9 year	53 years and above	53 years and above
9^th to 10^th Dan	N A	60 years and above	60 years and above

For Kukkiwon practitioners, all ranks of 1^st dan and above must be registered with the Kukkiwon if the black belt wishes for his rank to be acknowledged at other dojangs, or if he wishes to participate in the Olympics. A "wallet certificate," which looks like a photo identification card, is often carried by practitioners to prove their rank when they attend tournaments or transfer schools.

The Kukkikwon requires special promotion tests to advance to the 8^th dan and beyond. These tests must be taken at the Kukkiwon. For lower dan in category 2 nations of the World Taekwondo Federation, tests can generally be administered by any Kukkikwon-certified black belt of at least 4^th dan who is also at least one dan rank higher than the person testing. However, in category 1 nations, only the National Taekwondo Association of the WTF can apply to Kukkiwon for the dan/poom test.

Dan titles

For those who have passed the sabum test at the Kukkiwon Academy, these are the official sabum classifications:

4^th and 5^th Dan "Sabum 3^rd Class": Graduate of 3^rd Class Course
6^th and 7^th Dan "Sabum 2^nd Class": Graduate of 2^nd Class Course
8^th and 9^th Dan "Sabum 1^st Class": Graduate of 1^st Class Course

Officially, the Kukkiwon recognizes the following titles for dan ranks:

1^st Dan - 5^th Dan: "Master"
6^th Dan - 9^th Dan: "Grandmaster"

In America, the following is a typical system of how schools may assign titles to Dan ranks:

1^st Dan - 2^nd Dan: "Assistant Instructor"
3^rd Dan - 4^th Dan: "Instructor"
5^th Dan - 7^th Dan: "Master"
8^th Dan - 10^th Dan: "Grand Master"

"Assistant Instructor" and "Instructor" are unofficial rank titles, and although dan holding these titles often help with instruction, this arrangement is independent of the Kukkiwon's official "Instructor" program in which one receives certified training in conducting taekwondo classes. The certified instructor program (which must be taken before one can establish a new taekwondo school in Korea), is only offered to practitioners who are certified 4^th dan and who have passed a week-long course held annually at the Kukkiwon^*Instructor training at the Kukkiwon.

ITF schools use a different standard ranking system:

1^st Dan - 3^rd Dan: "Assistant Instructor"
4^th Dan - 6^th Dan: "Instructor"
7^th Dan - 8^th Dan: "Master"
9^th Dan: "Grand Master"

Modes of address

The word "master" carries a different connotation in Korean than it does in English. While in Korean the term is often used for all dan grades, in America, the term is often only applied to those of the 4^th dan and up. While a 1^st dan could technically refer to himself as a "Master" in English^*Explanation of Kukkiwon "Master" and "Grandmaster" under WTF regulations, he would likely meet with disapproval if he did so.

In the United States, black belts at the Instructor level and lower are addressed as "Sir" and those of the Master level are called "Master". Dan of the Grand Master level are called "Grand Master" or "Grandmaster", often with their last name appended for additional formality ("Yes sir, Grandmaster Jeong!"). However, students who train directly with a Grandmaster often simply use the address "Master", reserving "Grandmaster" for more formal occasions. In Korea, and the rest of the world, the word sabum is often used ("Jeong sabum"), for Master or Grandmaster level.

Common Korean titles and their English translationshttp://www.rykus.com/ictkd/terms.php:

Title	Meaning
Sunbaenim	Senior Student
Kyosanim	Instructor
Sabum/Sabumnim	Master
Kwanjangnim	Kwan Leader/President
Kuk Sa Nim	Grandmaster or International Instructor

Olympic competition rules

The sparring regulations of the WTF, adopted by the International Olympic Committee, emphasize full contact blows, allow knockout and other logistics of the Olympic sports. These rules are different from taekwondo sparring based on poomsae technique, grabbing self-defense. There are over 18 different types of taekwondo sparring.

The official, current WTF competition rules can be found at the WTF website.^*These rules govern many aspects of tournament sparring, summarized below:

The competition area measures 10m x 10m.
The contestant shall wear the trunk protector (hogu), head protector, groin guard, forearm guards, shin guards, and a mouthpiece.
The duration of the contest is non-stop three rounds of two minutes each, with a one-minute rest period between rounds. In case of a tie score after the completion of the 3rd round, a 4th round of two minutes will be conducted as the sudden death overtime round.
Permitted and prohibited techniques:
- Fist techniques are only allowed with a closed hand, and only with the leading part of the hand (no backhand or hammer techniques).
- Foot techniques are only allowed by using the parts of the foot below the ankle bone (no shin or knee techniques).
Permitted areas
- Trunk: Full force attack by fist and foot techniques on the areas covered by the trunk protector are permitted. Attacks on the part of the back not covered by the trunk protector are permitted so long as they are not direct hits to the spine.
- Head: Full force, knock out attack to the head is only allowed by foot techniques. Attack to the back of the head is prohibited, as are all hand techniques to the head.
Points are awarded when permitted techniques deliver full force, abrupt displacement and trembling shock to the legal scoring areas of the body. Points may be awarded by judges for a successful technique as follows:
- One point for attack on trunk protector.
- Two points for attack on the head.
- One point if a punch is thrown and stops the opponent in their tracks.
- One additional point if the opponent is knocked down and the referee counts.
- Declared winner if knock-out of the opponent with foot kicking to the legal area of head and face.
Deduction of points. Two types of penalties may be assigned for prohibited acts, "kyonggo" (warning penalty) and "gamjom" (deduction penalty). Two "kyonggo" deduct one point, rounded down (an odd "kyonggo" is not counted in the grand total), and a "gamjom" deducts one full point. When a contestant has been deducted four points, the referee shall declare him/her loser by penalties.
- "Kyonggo" penalties include: evading by turning the back to the opponent; falling down; avoiding/stalling the match; grabbing, holding, or pushing; attacking below the waist; pretending injury; butting or attacking with knee; hitting the opponent’s face with the hand.
- "Gamjom" penalties include: attacking the opponent when the round is stopped; attacking a fallen opponent; intentionally attacking the opponent’s face with the hand
In the event of a tied score after the sudden death round, the judging officials decide the match based on the initiative shown during the final round.

Media depiction

Despite martial arts movies being seemingly dominated by Chinese martial arts, taekwondo is actually one of the more popular martial arts employed in film. This has a lot to do with impressive kicking techniques used in taekwondo. Additionally, many kicks utilized by Tony Jaa, star of the muay thai film Muay Thai Warrior are actually taekwondo kicks. One example is the 540 kick, which is not a muay thai style kick.

Among Hollywood films, one of the best depictions of taekwondo can be found in the film Best of the Best and the sequels, although the art is referred to as karate throughout. Possibly the most famous superkickers of martial arts cinema (e.g. Hwang Jang-Lee) are practitioners of taekwondo. Hwang and many other Korean taekwondo practitioners have been in Jackie Chan and Bruce Lee films. Taekwondo is also seen in Chuck Norris and Jean-Claude Van Damme movies, as well as many Hong Kong action films.

Taekwondo is also fairly common among fighting video games. In the Tekken series, the character Hwoarang uses taekwondo as his fighting style and can be seen doing sections of ITF forms, such as won-hyo tul and hwa-rang tul. His master, Baek Doo San also utilizes the style.

In the Mortal Kombat franchise, characters Sonya Blade, Mokap, and Nightwolf use taekwondo as part of their fighting style.

Some of SNK's franchises such as King of Fighters and Fatal Fury ("Garou" in Japan) also have plenty of taekwondo fighters in their rosters, most notably probably being Kim Kaphwan.

General competition

Although only sparring is contested in the olympics, breaking and poomse are also contested frequently in other competitions. All three are parts of a traditional taekwondo curriculum. Additionally, taekwondoists may train with and compete in weapons.

External links

WTF:

Official site of the WTF World Taekwondo Federation (WTF)
Kukkiwon World Taekwondo Headquarters
USA Taekwondo
ETU European Taekwondo Union
BTCB British Taekwondo Control Board (WTF)
Chungdokwan UK (WTF)

ITF:

http://www.martialedge.co.uk / Online Martial Arts Magazine
Official Sites of International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF): Site 1, Site 2, Site 3
All Europe Taekwon-Do Federation Official website of the AETF
ITF New Zealand Official ITF New Zealand website.
ITF Taekwondo in Australia Resource index for Taekwondo practitioners in Australia.
TAGB Taekwondo Association of Great Britain
Obituary of General Choi Hong Hi from the UK Guardian
General Choi's "Encyclopedia of Taekwondo"
All 24 diagrams of ITF-style Forms

ITA:

The Official Site of the ITA International Taekwondo Alliance (ITA)

ATA:

Official site of the American Taekwondo Association

General:

General Taekwondo Information
Origin, history and pictures of Taekwondo
The Martial Arts Resource
The_Dojang email discussion forum, for Taekwondo and the other KMAs
The Korean Martial Arts FAQ
The History of the Korean Martial Arts
Hundreds of Taekwondo and Korean Martial Arts schools and associations listed
The Shamelessly Unofficial Taekwondo Resource Descriptions of all ITF and WTF patterns, as well as other resources related to Taekwondo.
TTKD Discussion forum for ITF and WTF TKD, also contains photos and info.
The Martial Arts Curator Discussion forum for traditional Taekwondo patterns.
TKDTutor General tips and info about Taekwondo including breaking, patterns, sparing and other Taekwondo resources. Also has some relevance to other styles of martial arts.

References

Korean martial arts | Taekwondo | Korean terms

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