Gourt Home::Gourt :: Sports car racing
Sports car racing is a form of circuit racing, with cars that have two seats and enclosed wheel wells. They may be purpose-built or related to road-going sports cars.
A kind of hybrid between the purism of open-wheelers and the familiarity of touring car racing, this racing is often associated with the annual Le Mans 24 Hours endurance race. First run in 1923, it is one of the oldest motor races still in existence.
The prestige of Ferrari, Porsche, Lotus, Maserati, Alfa Romeo, Mercedes-Benz, Jaguar, and Aston Martin derives in part from success in sports car racing and the World Sportscar Championship. Road cars sold by these manufacturers have in many cases been very similar to the cars that were raced, both in engineering and styling. It is this close association with the 'exotic' nature of the cars that serves as a useful distinction between sports car racing and Touring Cars.
The 12 Hours of Sebring, 24 Hours of Daytona, and 24 Hours of Le Mans were once widely considered to be the trifecta of sports car racing; driver Ken Miles would have been the only driver to win all three in the same year, but an error in the team orders of the Ford GT40 team at Le Mans in 1966 took the win from him, although he finished first.
History
In the 1920, the cars used in endurance racing and Grand Prix were still basically identical, with fenders and two seats, to carry a mechanic if necessary or permitted. By the 1930s, most Grand Prix cars like the Silver Arrows were optimised for high performance in their relative short races, by dropping fenders and the second seat.
In open-road endurance races across Europe such as the Mille Miglia, Tour de France and Targa Florio, which were often run on dusty roads, the need for fenders and a mechanic or navigator was still there. As mainly Italian cars and races defined the genre, the category was called Gran Turismo, as long distances had to be travelled, rather than running around on short circuits only. Reliability and some basic comfort was necessary in order to endure the task.
In the 1960s, battles between Ferrari, Ford and Porsche at Le Mans even made it to the movie screens, with Steve McQueen Le Mans (film).
In the 1980s, a new golden age of sports car racing began, one that many regard as the greatest in history. In Europe, the FIA sanctioned the Group C World Endurance Championship (or World Sportscar Championship), featuring high-tech closed-cockpit prototypes from Porsche, Aston Martin, Mercedes-Benz, Toyota and others. In the USA, the IMSA Camel GTP series boasted close competition between huge fields of manufacturer-backed teams and privateer squads.
Types of cars
There are many kinds of sportscars that race but they can be broadly broken down into two main categories: Sports-prototype and Grand Touring (GT). These two categories are often mixed together in a single race, such as the 24 Hours of Le Mans.
Sports-Prototype is the name given to a type of car used in sportscar racing and is effectively the next automotive design step up from road-going supercars. The highest level in sportscar racing sports-prototypes are purpose-built racing cars with enclosed wheels, and either open or closed cockpits. Since the World Sportscar Championship was conceived there have been various regulations regarding bodywork, engine style and size, tyres and aerodynamics to which these cars must be built. Sports-prototypes may be (and often are) one-of-a-kind machines, and need bear no relation to any road-going vehicle, although during the 1990s some manufacturers exploited a loophole in the FIA and ACO rules which meant cars racing in the GT category were actually true sports-prototypes and sired some road-going versions for homolgation purposes. The Porsche 911 GT1-98 and Toyota GT-One were prime examples.
In simplistic terms, sports-prototypes are 2-seat Formula 1 cars and are as technically advanced and, depending on the regulations they are built to, as quick as their single-seat counterparts. Although not widely known sports-prototypes (along with Formula 1 cars) are responsible for introducing the most numbers of new technologies and ideas to motorsport, including rear-wings, ground effect 'venturi' tunnels, fan-assisted aerodynamics and dual-shift gearboxes. Some of these technologies eventually filter down to road cars.
In the ACO regulations, two categories of sports-prototypes are recognized: P1 and P2. Cars competing in the P1 category must weigh no less than 900kg and are limited to 6000cc naturally aspirated and 4000cc turbocharged engines. P2 cars can weigh much less — 750kg — but are restricted to 3400cc aspirated or 2000cc turbocharged powerplants. On paper, the P2 cars are able to challenge the supposedly faster P1 cars due to their lighter weight, at the expense of less power. However, as of recent years the P2 cars entered have raced with debilitating reliability problems and in 2005 actually finished behind the slower GT1 class at Le Mans.
Grand Touring (from the Italian word Gran Turismo) racing is the most common form of sports car racing, and is found all over the world, in both international and national series. Under the ACO rules, Grand Touring cars are divided into two categories, Grand Touring 1 (GT1, formerly GTS) and Grand Touring 2 (GT2, formerly GT). While GT cars are effectively based on road going versions, some GT1 cars in the mid to late 1990s were purpose-built sports-prototypes (Toyota GT-One, Porsche 911 GT1-98, Mercedes CLK-GTR) which spawned exotic production cars with homologation production limits of 25 cars (for small manufacturers, such as Saleen) or 100 cars (for major manufacturers like DaimlerChrysler). As the name of the class implies, the exterior of the car closely resembles that of the production version, while the internal fittings may differ greatly. GT cars are very similar to the FIA GT2 classification, and are 'pure' GT cars; that is production exotic cars with relatively few internal modifications for racing. The Porsche 911 is currently the most popular car in the GT2 class.
FIA divides GT cars into three categories, called GT1 (formerly GT), GT2 (formerly N-GT) and GT3 (recently introduced). These divisions are very close to the ACO rules outlined above, and again some crossover racing does occur, particularly in the GT2 class. The GT3 class is new and was introduced for 2006. Cars are closer to standard form than in GT2, and in most cases modifications are restricted to those found in one-make cups. In 1998, FIA dropped the original form of the GT1 category because of rising costs. The GT1 class was for the purebred supercars and purpose-built race cars, such as the McLaren F1. Rising costs coupled with declining entries led to the death of this class, and it was replaced by GT2 (FIA, which evolved into the current GT1) and Le Mans Prototype (LMP, by the ACO).
Other Divisions
There are currently two series of sports car races based on the rules in use at Le Mans, the American Le Mans Series in North America and the Le Mans Endurance Series in Europe. However, sports car racing in general extends far beyond these rules, encompassing the Grand-Am professional series in North America as well as amateur road racing classes in the Sports Car Club of America.In North America, the Grand-Am Rolex Sports Car Series maintains its own interpretation of sports car racing, dividing its races into two classes. Grand-Am GT cars are similar to, but less powerful than, ACO-specification GT machines, while the Daytona Prototype is an entirely new creation. DPs, as they are often called, are closed-cockpit, purpose-built racing machines. Compared to Le Mans Prototypes, DPs are sharply limited in terms of approved technology; for instance, they are required to be constructed of steel tube frames rather than carbon-fiber monocoques.
Amateur sports car racing throughout the United States is sanctioned by clubs such as the Sports Car Club of America. The SCCA's sports-racing classes include C and D Sports Racing, Sports 2000 and Spec Racer Ford, in descending order of speed and sophistication.
In Japan, the Super GT series divides cars into two classes, called GT500 and GT300. These cars are more highly modified than their European and American counterparts, with cars often sporting tube frames and highly divergent engines. The numbers in the classifications refer to the maximum power available to each class; this is achieved through the use of engine restrictors. Proponents of the series claim that the Super GT cars are the fastest sports cars in the world, while critics deride the cars as being outside the limits of 'acceptable' modifications. In recent years however, rule changes in both GT500 and GT1 (aimed at eventually allowing both classes to compete with each other in the future) have brought the cars closer to each other, although GT500 cars still have a notable advantage.
In Europe, most championships run under FIA regulations, although some championships are more open to allow non-homologated GT cars to race. The Belcar series in Belgium allows silhouettes and touring cars to race alongside GTs, while the VdeV Modern Endurance allows prototypes from national championships sucha as the Norma, Centenari and Radical to race alongside GT3 class cars.
Notable sports car racing series
- World Sportscar Championship - The former World Championship, which dissolved in 1993.
- American Le Mans Series - Run in the United States and Canada.
- Le Mans Series - Sister series to the ALMS, run in Europe(formerly the LMES).
- FIA GT - A GT racing series in Europe.
- Grand-Am - Daytona Prototype and GT racing series
- Super GT - Japan based Sports Car racing championship (formerly the JGTC).
- CanAm - Canadian-American Challenge Cup (ran from 1966 to 1974)
- FIA-SCC - FIA's now-defunct prototype racing series.
See also:
"Sports car racing"