Snow

Snow is precipitation in the form of crystalline water ice, consisting of a multitude of snowflakes. Since it is composed of small rough particles it is a granular material. It has an open and therefore soft structure, unless packed by external pressure.

Snow is commonly formed when water vapor undergoes deposition high in the atmosphere at a temperature of less than 0°C, and then falls to the ground.

Occurrence

See also: List of Countries receiving snowfall

The probability of snowfall varies with season, location, and other geographic factors such as latitude and elevation. In the latitudinal area closer to the equator, there is a rather small chance of snowfall, 35° N and 40°S are often quoted as a rough delimiter. The western coasts of the major continents remain devoid of snow to much higher latitudes.

Permanent snow covering is affected by factors such as the degree of slope on the land, amount of snowfall and the force and nature of the winds. As temperature decreases with altitude, high mountains, even near the Equator, have permanent snow cover on their upper portions, around 5,300 m high. Examples include Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania and the Tropical Andes in South America; however, the only snow actually to appear on the Equator is at 4,690 m altitude of the southern slope of Volcán Cayambe in Ecuador (Google Earth images). Conversely, many regions of the Arctic and Antarctic receive very little precipitation and therefore experience little snowfall despite the bitter cold (below a certain temperature, air essentially loses its ability to retain water vapor). Here, the snow does not melt at sea level. In addition to the dry, snowless regions of the poles, there are some mountains and volcanoes in Bolivia, Chile and Argentina that are high (4,500 m-6,900 m) and cold, but the lack of precipitation near the hyperarid Atacama Desert prevents snow from accumulating into glaciers.

Snow is used as a thermal insulator conserving the heat of the Earth and protecting crops from the freezing weather. While on the other hand, substantial snowfall can, at times, even disrupt the infrastructure and services of a region that is accustomed to such weather. Automotive traffic may be greatly inhibited or may be stifled entirely. Basic infrastructures such as electricity, telephone lines, and gas supply can also be shut down. This can lead to a "snow day", which is a day on which the school or other services are cancelled due to unusually heavy snowfall. In areas that normally have very little snow, this may occur even with light accumulation, something often ridiculed by those people accustomed to colder climates, where streets would remain passable given the same amount of snow. Sometimes when snow is excessive on mountaintops and undergoes a sudden rapid change of temperature a: mudslide, flash flood, or Avalanche can occur, causing devastating water damage.

The highest seasonally cumulative precipitation of snow ever measured was on Mount Baker, Washington, U.S.A during the 1998–1999 season. Mount Baker received a staggering 29 m of snow, thus surpassing the previous record holder, Mount Rainier, Washington, U.S.A which during the 1971–1972 season received 28.5 m of snow.

In the United States, states which are usually covered with snow in a typical winter include Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts (except for Cape Cod), Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York (except for Long Island), Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Michigan, northern Ohio, northern Indiana, northern Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Wyoming, western Colorado and the Front Range, Idaho, northern and eastern Utah, northern Nevada, and high-altitude areas of Washington, Oregon, California, Arizona, New Mexico, Maryland, West Virginia, and Virginia, although the dry area just east of the Rockies in eastern Montana and Wyoming and the western Dakotas (the northern High Plains) is quite often snowless. Neighboring states and high-altitude areas in other states also are quite often covered with snow, but in states farther south or at lower elevation, it may snow for a day but usually melts within a week. Canada is usually completely covered, except for the more temperate area around Vancouver, British Columbia, and occasionally southern Alberta or far southern Ontario. Alaska is likewise covered except for some coastal areas and islands, while snow in Hawaii is only received on the highest peaks (above about 2700 m).

Geometry

A snowflake always has six lines of symmetry, which arises from the hexagonal crystal structure of ordinary ice (known as ice I_h) along its 'basal' plane.

There are, broadly, two possible explanations for the symmetry of snowflakes. Firstly, there could be communication or information transfer between the arms, such that growth in each arm affects the growth in each other arm. Surface tension or phonons are among the ways that such communication could occur. The other explanation, which appears to be the prevalent view, is that the arms of a snowflake grow independently in an environment that is believed to be rapidly varying in temperature, humidity and other atmospheric conditions. This environment is believed to be relatively spatially homogeneous on the scale of a single flake, leading to the arms growing to a high level of visual similarity by responding in identical ways to identical conditions, much in the same way that unrelated trees respond to environmental changes by growing near-identical sets of tree rings. The difference in the environment in scales larger than a snowflake leads to the observed lack of correlation between the shapes of different snowflakes.

However, the concept that no two snowflakes are alike is not necessarily true. Strictly speaking, it is extremely unlikely for any two objects in the universe to contain an identical molecular structure; but, there are, nonetheless, no known scientific laws which prevent it. In a more pragmatic sense, it's more likely, albeit not much more, that two snowflakes are visually identical if their environments were similar enough, either because they grew very near one another, or simply by chance. The American Meteorological Society has reported that matching snow crystals were discovered by Nancy Knight of the National Center for Atmospheric Research. The crystals were not flakes in the usual sense but rather hollow hexagonal prisms.

Electron Microscope Gallery

Image:Snow crystals.png Image:Snow crystals 2.png Image:Snow crystals 2b.png Image:LT-SEM snow crystals.jpg Image:LT-SEM snow crystal magnification series-3.jpg Image:Snowflake 300um LTSEM.jpg Image:Snowflake 300um LTSEM, 13368.jpg

Recreation

Some forms of recreation depend on snow

Many winter sports, such as skiing, snowmobiling, snowshoeing and snowboarding
Playing with a sled or riding in a sleigh
Building a snowman (or 'snowwoman') or snow fort
Throwing snowballs mutually in a snowball fight or at others to tease them. (Humans seem to be the only being that throw their snowballs. Pygmy chimpanzees have been known to carry snowballs around, but never to throw them.)
Making a snow angel

Where snow is scarce but the temperature is low enough, snow cannons may be used to produce an adequate amount for such sports.

The world's biggest snowcastle is built in Kemi, Finland, every winter.

Density

The water equivalent of a snow pack is the amount of water that it contains, regardless of its depth. For example, if the snow covering a given area has a water equivalent of 5 m, then it will melt into a pool of water 5 m deep covering the same area. This is a much more useful measurement to hydrologists than snow depth, as the density of even freshly fallen snow widely varies. New snow often has a density of around 12% of water, and even under cold conditions, the same snow will settle under its own weight until it is approximately 33% water. More snow on top of this will compress it even further. By late spring, snow densities often exceed 50% of water ^*.

Water equivalent is of great interest to water managers wishing to predict spring runoff and the water supply of cities downstream. Measurements are made manually at marked locations known as snow courses, and remotely using special scales called snow pillows.

Types

Ice: Densely, packed material formed from snow that doesn't contain air bubbles. Depending on the snow accumulation rate, the air temperature, and the weight of the snow in the upper layers, it can take snow a few hours or a few decades to form into ice.

Corn: Coarse, granular wet snow. Most commonly used by skiers describing good spring snow. Corn is the result of diurnal cycle of melting and refreezing.

Snow Thunderstorm (Thundersnow): A thunderstorm with thunder, lightning and a lot of snow and wind.

Powder: Light, dry snow that contains a low moisture content, prized by skiers and often found in the Rocky Mountains of North America.

Firn: Snow which has been lying for at least a year but which has not yet consolidated into glacier ice. It is granular.

Flurries: A period of light snow with usually little accumulation with occasional moderate snowfall.

Sleet: Snow which has partially thawed while falling.

Soft hail: If this re-freezes on further descent, the resulting small icy pellets or granule of snow are called soft hail.

Freezing rain: A rainstorm, where the rain and ground are sufficiently cold that the raindrops freeze on impact. This can cover trees in a uniform layer of very clear, shiny ice, a beautiful phenomenon, though excessive accumulation can break tree limbs and utility lines, causing utility failures and possible property damage.

Snizzle: Extremely small snow/ice particles that fall lightly, almost like drizzle that is frozen. This kind of snow is very common in Michigan.

Snow storm: A long storm of relatively heavy snow.

Snow squall: A brief, very intense snowstorm.

Blizzard: A long-lasting snow storm with intense snowfall and usually high winds. Particularly severe storms can create whiteout conditions where visibility is reduced to less than 1 m.

Snowdrift: Large piles of snow which occur near walls and curbs, as the wind tends to push the snow up toward the vertical surfaces.

Ground blizzard: Occurs when a strong wind drives already fallen snow to create drifts and whiteouts.

Packing snow: Snow that is at or near the melting point, so that it can easily be packed into snowballs and hurled at other people or objects. This is perfect for snow fights and other winter fun, such as making a snowman, or a snow fort.

Slush: Snow which partially melts upon reaching the ground, to the point that it accumulates in puddles of partially-frozen water.

Hail: Many-layered ice balls, ranging from "pea" sized (0.25 in, 6 mm) to "golf ball" sized (1.75 in, 43 mm), to, in rare cases, "softball" sized or greater (>4.25 in, 108 mm).

Hailstorm: A storm of hail. If the hail is sufficiently large, it can cause damage to cars or even people.

Artificial snow: Snow can be also manufactured using snow cannons, which actually create tiny granule more like soft hail (this is sometimes called "grits" by those in the southern U.S. for its likeness to the texture of the food). In recent years, snow cannons have been produced that create more natural looking snow, but these machines are prohibitively expensive.

Watermelon snow: A reddish/pink colored snow that smells like watermelons, and is caused by a red colored green alga called chlamydomonas nivalis

External links

Ultra-high resolution images of snowflakes. All images are public domain.
Dr Richard Wild - Heavy Snow, Blizzards, Snowstorms and Snowfall Site Online home of Dr Richard Wild. Site includes history and news of heavy snow, blizzards, snowstorms, snow pictures, snow data and other historical snowfalls and blizzard related topics.
National Science Digital Library - Snowflake
Kenneth G. Libbrecht's Snowflake FAQ
http://www.its.caltech.edu/~atomic/snowcrystals/photos/photos.htm
On snow at above freezing temperatures

Snow | Weather

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