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- This article is about political-adminstrative jurisdictions. See Ecclesiastical province and geologic province for those meanings.
Province is a name for a subnational entity.
Linguistics
The word is attested in English since c.1330, deriving from Old French province (13c.), itself from Latin provincia "territory under Roman domination". This is derived from pro- ("on behalf of") and vincere ("to take control")--in other words, a province is a territory or function that a Roman magistrate took control of on behalf of his government.
The word provincia was given its territorial administrative meaning by the Romans, when they divided their empire into provinciae, but in many senses these were long more like modern colonies, being exploited without equal rights, which were ironically granted from the start to the coloniae, which were smaller local settlements, often founded for veterans.
In modern languages, a province is a secondary level of government in many countries, while other use alternative terms for similar entities, such as state (in Australia, Brazil, India, Mexico and the United States), land (in Austria, Germany), department (in Bolivia, Uruguay), or prefecture (in Japan).
Usage varies, however. In France, in Spain and in Italy provincia is a tertiary form of government, akin to a county, within a region. In Sweden län is the equivalent of a county, while in Finland its cognate Lääni is the equivalent of province. Various overseas parts of the British Empire had the colonial title of Province in a more Roman sense, such as the Province of Canada and the Province of South Australia (to distinguish it from the penal 'colonies' elsewhere in Australia). In Germany and Austria, the same sense of historical and cultural unity on a less-than-national scale is expressed as Land, the common name for states of Germany and states of Austria.
Historical and cultural aspects
In France, the expression en province still tends to mean "outside of the region of Paris". (The same expression is used in Peru, where en provincias means "outside of the city of Lima".) Prior to the French Revolution, France consisted of various governments (such as Ile-de-France, built around the early Capetian royal demesne) some of which were considered as provinces, although the term would be used colloquially to describes lands as small as a manor (châtellenie). Mostly, the Grands Gouvernements, generally former medieval feudal principalities (or agglomerates of such), were the most commonly referred to as provinces. Today, the expression is sometimes replaced with en région, as that term is now officially used for the secondary level of government.
In historical terms, Fernand Braudel has depicted the European provinces—built up of numerous small regions called by the French pays or by the Swiss cantons, each with a local cultural identity and focused upon a market town—as the political unit of optimum size in pre-industrial Early Modern Europe and asks, "was the province not its inhabitants' true 'fatherland'?" (The Perspective of the World 1984, p. 284) Even centrally organized France, an early nation-state, could collapse into autonomous provincial worlds under pressure, such as the sustained crisis of the Wars of Religion, 1562—1598.
For 19th and 20th-century historians, "centralized government" had been taken as a symptom of modernity and political maturity in the rise of Europe. Then, in the late 20th century, as a European Union drew the nation-states closer together, centripetal forces seemed to be moving towards a more flexible system composed of more localized, provincial governing entities under the European umbrella. Spain after Franco is a State of Autonomies, formally unitary, but in fact functioning as a federation of Autonomous Communities, each one with different powers. (see Politics of Spain). While Serbia, the rump of the former Yugoslavia, fought the separatists in the province of Kosovo, at the same time the UK, under the political principle of "devolution" established local parliaments in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland (1998). Strong local nationalisms surfaced or developed in Cornwall, Languedoc, Catalonia, Lombardy, Corsica and Flanders, and east of Europe in Abkhasia, Chechnya and Kurdistan.
Legal aspects
In many federations (particularly those that are in fact confederations), the province or state is not clearly subordinate to the national or "central" government. Rather, it is considered to be sovereign in regard to its particular set of constitutional functions. The central and provincial governmental functions, or areas of jurisdiction, are identified in a constitution. Those that are not specifically identified in the constitution are called "residual powers". These residual powers lie at the provincial (or state) level in a decentralised federal system (such as the United States and Australia) whereas in a centralised federal system they are retained at the federal level (as in Canada). Nevertheless, some of the enumerated powers can also be very significant. For example, Canadian provinces are sovereign in regard to such important matters as law and order, property, civil rights, education, social welfare, medical services and even taxation.
The evolution of federations has created an inevitable tug-of-war between concepts of federal supremacy versus "states' rights". The historic division of responsibility in federal constitutions is inevitably subject to multiple overlaps. For example, when central governments, responsible for "foreign affairs", enter into international agreements in areas where the state or province is sovereign, such as the environment or health standards, agreements made at the national level can create jurisdictional overlap and conflicting laws. This overlap creates the potential for internal disputes that lead to constitutional amendments and judicial decisions that significantly change the balance of powers.
Current provinces
Not all "second-level" polities are termed provinces. In Arab countries the secondary level of government, called a muhfazah, is usually translated as a governorate. This term is also used for the historic Russian guberniyas, (compare to modern-day oblast). In Poland, the equivalent of province is województwo, often translated as voivodeship.
In Peru, provinces are a tertiary unit of government, as the country is divided into twenty-five regions, which are then subdivided into 194 provinces.
There are also provinces in New Zealand, but the country is not seen as a "federal" country. However, the provinces do have a few duties like collecting rates and each province has its own Health Board and District Prisons Board.
Some provinces are as large and populous as nations. The most populous province is Henan, China, pop. 93,000,000. Also very populous are several other Chinese provinces, as well as Punjab, Pakistan, pop. 85,000,000.
The largest provinces by area are Xinjiang, China (1,600,000 km²) and Quebec, Canada (1,500,000 km²).
The term governorate is widely used in Arab countries to describe an administrative unit; it translates the Arabic word muhafazah. Some governorates combine more than one wilaya; others closely follow traditional boundaries inherited from the Ottoman Empire's vilayet system.
Current provinces and polities translated "province"
Historical provinces
Ancient and medieval/feudal provinces
- Pharaonic Egypt : see nome (Egypt)
- Achaemenid Persia (and probably before in Media, again after conquest and further extension by Alexander the Great, and in the larger Hellenistic successor states : see satrapy
- Provinces of the Roman Empire
- Byzantine Empire : see exarchate, thema
- Frankish (Carolingian) 're-founded' Holy Roman Empire : see gau and county
- Caliphate and subsequent sultanates : see Emirate
- Khanate can also mean a province as well as an independent state, as either can be headed by a Khan
- In the Tartar Khanate of Khazan : the five daruğa ('direction')
- Mughal Empire : subah
- In the Habsburg territories, the traditional provinces are partly expressed in the Länder of 19th-century Austria-Hungary.
- The provinces of the Ottoman Empire had various types of governors (generally a pasha), but mostly styled vali, hence the predominant term vilayet, generally subdivided (often in beyliks or sanjaks), sometimes grouped under a governor-general (styled beylerbey).
Modern post-feudal & colonial provinces
- in the Spanish empire, at several echelons:
- viceroyalty above
- intendencia
- former British colonies
- Province of Canada (1840-1867)
- Province of South Australia (now an Australian state)
- Provinces of India
- The former provinces of France
- The former provinces of Ireland
- The former provinces of Japan
- The former provinces of Sweden
- The former Republic of the Seven United Provinces (The Netherlands)
- The former United Provinces of Central America
See also
Sources and references
(incomplete)
Provinces | Subnational entities
Provincia | Província | Provincie | Provins | Provinz | Provincia | Provinco | Probintzia | استان | Province | Provinsje | Provincia | 도 (행정 구역) | Pokrajina | Provinsi | Provincia | פרובינציה | Provincia | Provincie | Provincie | Pervincie | 省 | Provins | Provins | Província | Pruvincia | Province | Propinsi | Provins | จังหวัด | Tỉnh | İl | Провінція | 省
"Province"