Political emancipation is a term used to describe various efforts to obtain political rights or equality, often for a specifically disenfranchsed group, or more generally in discussion of such matters.

The word "emancipation" was in common use in political affairs of 18th and 19th century political discourse, as in Catholic or Jewish emancipation movements (see the emancipation page for more examples), while female suffrage was a major goal of women's emancipation movements.

Among others, Karl Marx discussed political emancipation in his 1844 essay "On the Jewish Question", although often in addition to (or in contrast with) the term human emancipation. Marx's views of political emancipation in this work were summarized by one writer as entailing "qual status of individual citizens in relation to the state, equality before the law, regardless of religion, property, or other “private” characteristics of individual persons."Notes on Political and Human Emancipation, Mark Rupert, Syracuse University.

"Political emancipation" as a phrase is less common in modern useage, especially outside academic, foreign or activist contexts. However, similar concepts may be referred to by other terms. For instance, in the United States the civil rights movement culminating in the Voting Rights Act of 1965, can be seen as further realization of events such as the Emancipation Proclamation and abolition of slavery a century earlier.

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