In physics, plasma oscillations, often referred to as "Langmuir waves" or "plasma waves," are periodic oscillations of charge density in conducting media such as plasmas or metals. The particle resulting from the quantization of these oscillations is the plasmon.

Explanation

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Consider a neutral plasma, consisting of a gas of positively charged ions and negatively charged electrons. If one displaces by a tiny amount all of the electrons with respect to the ions, the Coulomb force pulls back, acting as a restoring force.

'Cold' electrons

If the electrons are cold, it is possible to show that the charge density oscillates at the plasma frequency

$$

\omega_{pe} = \sqrt{\frac{4 \pi n e^{2}}{m}} (cgs units) $=\; \backslash sqrt\{\backslash frac\{n\; e^\{2\}\}\{m\backslash epsilon\_0\}\}$ (SI units), where n is the density of electrons, e is the electric charge, m is the mass of the electron, and $\backslash epsilon\_0$ is the permittivity of free space. Note that the above formula is derived under the approximation that the ion mass is infinite. This is generally a good approximation, as the electrons are so much lighter than ions. (One must modify this expression in the case of electron-positron plasmas, often encountered in astrophysics). Since the frequency is independent of the wavelength, these oscillations have an infinite phase velocity and zero group velocity.

'Warm' electrons

If warm electrons are considered with an electron thermal speed v_e,th = (k_BT_e)^3/2, the electron pressure acts as a restoring force as well as the electric field and the oscillations propagate with frequency and wavenumber related by

$$

\omega^2 = \omega_{pe}^2 + 3 k^2 v_{\mathrm{e,th}}^2 , called the Bohm-Gross dispersion relation. If the spatial scale is large compared to the Debye length, the oscillations are only weakly modified by the pressure term, but at small scales the pressure term dominates and the waves become dispersionless with a speed of 3^1/3v_e,th. For such waves, however, the electron thermal speed is comparable to the phase velocity, i.e.,

$$

v \sim v_{ph} \equiv \frac{\omega}{k}, so the plasma waves can accelerate electrons that are moving with speed nearly equal to the phase velocity of the wave. This process often leads to a form of collisionless damping, called Landau damping. Consequently, the large-k portion in the dispersion relation is difficult to observe and seldom of consequence.

In a bounded plasma, fringing electric fields can result in propagation of plasma oscillations, even when the electrons are cold.

In a metal or semiconductor, the effect of the ions' periodic potential must be taken into account. This is usually done by using the electrons' effective mass in place of m.

See also

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• Upper hybrid oscillation, in particular for a discussion of the modification to the mode at propagation angles oblique to the magnetic field

Plasmaoszillation

Waves in plasmas