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A phthalocyanine is a macrocyclic compound having an alternating nitrogen atom-carbon atom ring structure.
The molecule is able to coordinate hydrogen and metal cations in its center by coordinate bonds with the four isoindole nitrogen atoms. The central atoms can carry additional ligands. Most of the elements have been found to be able to coordinate to the phthalocyanine macrocycle. Therefore, a variety of phthalocyanine complexes exist.
History
The first known appearance of an unknown blue by-product (which we know by now was metal-free phthalocyanine) was reported in 1907. In 1927, two researchers from Switzerland accidentally synthesized copper phthalocyanine, copper naphthalocyanine and copper octamethylphthalocyanine when they tried to convert o-dibromobenzene into phthalonitrile. They remarked the enormous stability of these complexes but failed to appreciate their discovery and to fully characterize these blue complexes. H. de Diesbach,E. von der Weid, Helevtica Chimica Acta, 1927, 10, 886. The real discovery also started as an accident, when a blue product was found in a reaction flask where only white product was expected. However, this accident occurred in a dye company, Scottish Dyes, Ltd., Grangemouth, Scotland (later ICI) and the discovery was followed on.
Overview
save this pages occurring porphyrin systems.
The phthalocyanine macrocycle is also related to some other macrocyclic complexes, as e.g., the subphthalocyanine, superphthalocyanine or hemiporphyrazine.
Synthesis
You can see in the figure below (left side) that a phthalocyanine macrocycle consists of four identical corners. A synthesis strategy, therefore, starts from molecules which correspond to these corners. Such molecules are derivatives of phthalic acid: e.g., phthalonitrile, o-cyanobenzamide, phthalanhydride, phthalimide or diiminoisoindole. Several of these starting materials are shown in the figure below (right side).
Characterization
- UV-Vis
- IR, Raman,
- NMR
- Powder diffraction
Structures
- Single-crystal structures
- Phthalocyanine Crystal Structures
- Liquid-crystalline structures
Theoretical calculations and predictions
- Crystal structure prediction
- Quantum-chemical calculations
Properties
- Electrical properties
- Optical and non-linear optical properties
- Magnetical properties
Applications
See also
Phthalocyanine books
- The Phthalocyanines - Vols 1-4 Edited by C. C.Leznoff and A.B.P.Lever, Wiley 1986-1993
- *
- The Porphyrin Handbook, Vols. 15-20; Karl Kadish, Kevin M. Smith, Roger Guilard (eds); Academic Press 2003
- Volume 15 – Phthalocyanines: Synthesis
- Volume 16 – Phthalocyanines: Spectroscopic and Electrochemical Characterization
- Volume 17 – Phthalocyanines: Properties and Materials
- Volume 18 – Multiporphyrins, Multiphthalocyanines and Arrays
- Volume 19 – Applications of Phthalocyanines
- Volume 20 – Phthalocyanines: Structural Characterization
External links
- PHTHALO: The Phthalocyanine, Porphyrin, Dye and Pigment mailing list
- Society of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines
- Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines, vol. 1 (1997) - vol. 5 (2001)
- Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines, from vol. 6 (2002)
- Journal of Phthalocyanine Theses
- Phthalocyanine book list
- Some Phthalocyanine researchers
"Phthalocyanine"