Pair production refers to the creation of an elementary particle and its antiparticle, usually from a photon (or neutral bosonic fields). This is allowed, provided there is enough energy available to create the pair: at least the total rest mass energy of the two particles. All other absolutely conserved quantities (momentum, angular momentum, electric charge) will have to sum to zero — thus created particles shall have those quantities to be exactly opposite (say, if one particle has spin +1/2 then another one must have spin −1/2).

In nuclear physics, this occurs when a high-energy photon interacts with an atomic nucleus, allowing it to produce an electron and a positron without violating conservation of momentum. Since the momentum of the initial photon must be absorbed by something, pair production cannot occur in empty space out of a single photon; the nucleus is needed to conserve both momentum and energy.

Pair production is the chief method by which energy from gamma rays is observed in condensed matter. The photon need only have a total energy of twice the electron mass (1.022 MeV) for this to occur as described above; if it is much more energetic, heavier particles may also be produced. These interactions were first observed in Patrick Blackett's counter-controlled bubble chamber, leading to the 1948 Nobel Prize in Physics.

In semiclassical general relativity, pair production is also invoked to explain the Hawking radiation effect. According to quantum mechanics, at short scales short-lived particle-pairs are constantly appearing and disappearing (see quantum foam); in a region of strong gravitational tidal forces, the two particles in a pair may sometimes be wrenched apart before they have a chance to mutually annihilate. When this happens in the region around a black hole, one particle may escape, with its antiparticle being captured by the hole.

Particle physics | Nuclear physics

Paarbildung (Physik) | Creación de pares | 쌍생성 | Produzione di coppia | יצירת זוג | 対生成 | nastanek para