Organogenesis

In animal development, organogenesis is the process by which the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm develop into the internal organs of the organism. The germ layers in organogenesis differ by three processes: folds, splits, and condensation. Developing early during this stage in chordate animals are the neural tube and notochord. Vertebrate animals all differ from the gastrula the same way. Vertebrates develop a neural crest that differentiates into many structures, including some bones, muscles, and components of the peripheral nervous system. The coelom of the body forms from a split of the mesoderm along the somite axis.

The proceeding graph represents the products produced by the three germ layers.

Germ Layer	Category	Product
Endoderm	GeneralThe General category denotes that all or most of the animals containing this layer produce the adjacent product.	Gastrointestinal tract
Endodern	General	Respiratory tract
Endoderm	General	Endocrine glands and organs (liver and pancreas)
Mesoderm	General	Bones
Mesoderm	General	Most of the Circulatory system
Mesoderm	General	Connective tissues of the gut and integuments
Mesoderm	General	Excretory Tract
Mesoderm	General	Mesenchyme
Mesoderm	General	Mesothelium
Mesoderm	General	Muscles
Mesoderm	Gemeral	Peritoneum
Mesoderm	General	Reproductive System
Mesoderm	General	Urinary System
Mesoderm	VertebrateThe Vertebrate category denotes that all or most of the vertebrates containing this layer produce the adjacent product.	Chordamesoderm
Mesoderm	Vertebrate	Paraxial mesoderm
Mesoderm	Vertebrate	Intermediate mesoderm
Mesoderm	Vertebrate	Lateral plate mesoderm
Ectoderm	General	Nervous system
Ectoderm	General	Outer part of integument
Ectoderm	Vertebrate	Skin (along with glands, hair, nails)
Ectoderm	Vertebrate	Epithelium of the mouth and nasal cavity
Ectoderm	Vertebrate	Lens and cornea of the eye
Ectoderm	Vertebrate	Melanocytes
Ectoderm	Vertebrate	Peripheral nervous system
Ectoderm	Vertebrate	Facial cartilage
Ectoderm	Vertebrate	Dentin (in teeth)
Ectoderm	Vertebrate	Brain (rhombencephalon, mesencephalon and prosencephalon)
Ectoderm	Vertebrate	Spinal cord and motor neurons
Ectoderm	Vertebrate	Retina
Ectoderm	Vertebrate	Posterior pituitary

Evers, Christine A., Lisa Starr. Biology:Concepts and Applications. 6th ed. United States:Thomson, 2006. ISBN 0-534-46224-3.

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