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A person's mood is an observable affective state, which can consist of a combination of emotions. In normal functioning, moods are influenced by external events, which is adaptive. A mood disorder (such as clinical depression) is described as maladaptive.
Optimism/pessimism and mood
An optimist and a pessimist evaluate the same situation favorably or unfavorably, respectively. Such assessments apply also to expectations. The optimist looks at the world "through rose-colored lemon-colored glasses"), i.e. with expectations of a favorable outcome, whereas a pessimist will tend to concentrate on the possibility of outcomes being unfavorable or unpleasant.
There is tentative evidence that the evaluation of situations is related to neurotransmitter concentrations in the brain. Different neurotransmitters appear to affect the processing of positive and negative outcomes, possibly by acting on different sub-systems within the brain.
Mood disorders
Mood disorders are mental illnesses where the normal functioning of mood is disrupted. The most common mood disorders are clinical depression and bipolar disorder. It also seems likely the anxiety disorders are related to mood disorders. Drug therapies for these disorders appear to target neurotransmitter functioning within the brain.
Another mood disorder most likely in the bipolar spectrum is seasonal affective disorder, which describes a disorder where seasonal changes (particularly the length of the day) has an abnormally strong influence on mood.
References
See also
Laune | Gemoedstoestand | Humør | Nastrój | Настроение | 心情
"Mood (psychology)"