Mezuzah

, |talmud=Shabbat 79b, Yoma 10b-11b, Menachot 31b-34a, 44a|rambam=Laws of Tefillin, Mezuzah, and Sefer Torah 5-6|sa=Yoreh Deah 285-291}}

Mezuzah (מזוזה, literally means a "doorpost" in Hebrew, plural: mezuzot) refers to one of the 613 commandments in Judaism, which requires that a small parchment (klaf) inscribed with two sections from the Torah's Book of Deuteronomy (6:4-9 and 11:13-21) be affixed to each doorpost and gate in a Jewish home, synagogue, and business.

Thus the word mezuzah can refer to any of the following:

Simply a doorpost of a permanent door, gate, or arch.
The special parchment with the required Hebrew inscriptions.
The small case or box that typically covers the parchment. (The parchment can be affixed directly to the door, though usually a case is used in order to protect it. It is important to be aware, though, that a case without a valid mezuzah scroll inside cannot be used to fulfill this mitzvah.) The case generally features the Hebrew letter shin (ש) inscribed on its upper exterior. Artistic mezuzah cases are often given as gifts for weddings and other special occasions.

Halakha (Jewish law) prescribes in detail the affixing of mezuzot on doorposts. Since almost every Jewish home has a mezuzah on its front doorpost, it has historically been a way of recognizing a Jewish home.

The wording on the mezuzah's parchment is taken from the Shema Yisrael ("Hear O Israel") prayer, similar to the parchments inside Tefillin (phylacteries).

Affixing the mezuzah

According to Halakha, the mezuzah should be placed on the right side of the door (from the point of view of one entering the building or room), on the lower part of the upper third of the doorpost (or, for high doorways, around shoulder height), within approximately 3 inches of the doorway opening. A minority opinion is that the mezuzah should be affixed on the side opposite of the hinge. In either case, Halakha requires that mezuzot be affixed within 30 days of the Jewish resident or residents moving into the home if its rented and in the Diaspora. If the home, however, is purchased in the Diaspora or is located in Israel (regardless of it is owned or rented) the mezuzah must be affixed immediately upon moving in. The case should be permanently affixed with nails, screws, glue, or strong double-sided tape. Great caution should be exerted not to puncture, rip, or crack the parchment or the wording on it, since this would invalidate the mezuzah entirely.

Where the doorway is wide enough, Ashkenazi Jews tilt the case so that the top slants toward the room the door opens into. (This is done to accommodate the variant opinions of Rashi and Rabbeinu Tam as to whether it should be placed horizontally or vertically.) Other Jews always place the case vertically.

The procedure is to hold the mezuzah against the spot upon which it will be affixed, then recite a blessing:

.ברך אתה יי אלהינו מלך העולם, אשר קדשנו במצותיו וצונו לקבוע מזוזה

Barukh atah Adonai eloheinu melekh ha'olam, asher qid'shanu b'mitz'votav vitziuanu liq'boa mezuzah.

Blessed are You, Lord our God, King of the Universe, Who sanctified us with His mitzvot, and commanded us to affix a mezuzah.

Any Jew is permitted to perform this blessing, regardless of whether or not he or she is of the age of majority so long as he or she is old enough to understand the significance of this mitzvah. After the blessing is made, the mezuzah is attached.

When affixing many mezuzot, the blessing is made only before affixing the first mezuzah, while having in mind that that first blessing applies to the affixing of all the other mezuzot.

Observant Jews affix mezuzot on all the doors of their homes, with the exception of bathrooms, very small rooms (e.g., closets) and temporary structures (e.g. sukkot). The garage door is not exempt from having a mezuzah. Gates for outdoor fences also require a mezuzah if there is an overhead lintel. If there is no overhead lintel, a mezuzah is not required.

The city gates of Jerusalem have huge mezuzot that were affixed after the Old City came under Israeli control after the Six-Day War in 1967.

Preparing and writing the scroll

See Sefer Torah for how parchment is prepared and written.

The rendering of the Hebrew text on the scroll is a matter requiring great care. Each letter must be written precisely, preferably by a certified sofer ("scribe"), as one letter written incorrectly would render the scroll invalid (pasul). The text is written in a single column on 22 scored lines, corresponding to the 22 letters of the Hebrew alphabet, and is divided into two paragraphs; the second paragraph is indented somewhat, to correspond to the way it would be written in a Torah scroll.

In general, the letters are written on gevil as they would be in a Torah scroll, including the fact that in the first verse of the text, two letters (the ע of שמע and the ד of אחד) are written larger than usual. According to some scribal traditions, certain letters in the mezuzah are graced with extra crownlets (which are lacking in the corresponding sections in a Torah scroll).

On the reverse of the scroll, opposite the space used for this indentation, is written Shaddai, one of the names of God in Judaism. This is also an acronym for the words Shomer Daltot Yisrael ("Guardian of the Doorways of Israel"). Most klafim also have, on the reverse, three Kabbalistic names of God, which are produced from the names in the first verse of the Shema by a Caesar cipher with a shift of 1.

The parchment is then rolled into a scroll from left to right (evoking the image of a Torah scroll), such that the first words, "Shema Yisrael" ("Hear O Israel..."), will be read first upon unrolling.

In all, the Mezuzah scroll must contain 22 lines of calligraphic script writing, comprised of 713 letters. There are a total of 4649 separate instructions that govern the preparation and inscription of a truly kosher mezuzah scroll. When prepared correctly, it is believed that the truly kosher mezuzah serves to "guard your going out and your coming in" (Psalms 121:8).

Text of the scroll

In English translation, the Torah verses state:

4. Hear, O Israel: The Lord is our God; the Lord is one. 5. And you shall love the Lord, your God, with all your heart and with all your soul, and with all your means. 6. And these words, which I command you this day, shall be upon your heart. 7. And you shall teach them to your sons and speak of them when you sit in your house, and when you walk on the way, and when you lie down and when you rise up. 8. And you shall bind them for a sign upon your hand, and they shall be for ornaments between your eyes. 9. And you shall inscribe them upon the doorposts of your house and upon your gates. Deuteronomy 6:4-9 ^*

13. And it will be, if you hearken to My commandments that I command you this day to love the Lord, your God, and to serve Him with all your heart and with all your soul, 14. I will give the rain of your land at its time, the early rain and the latter rain, and you will gather in your grain, your wine, and your oil. 15. And I will give grass in your field for your livestock, and you will eat and be sated. 16. Beware, lest your heart be misled, and you turn away and worship strange gods and prostrate yourselves before them. 17. And the wrath of the Lord will be kindled against you, and He will close off the heavens, and there will be no rain, and the ground will not give its produce, and you will perish quickly from upon the good land that the Lord gives you. 18. And you shall set these words of Mine upon your heart and upon your soul, and bind them for a sign upon your hand and they shall be for ornaments between your eyes. 19. And you shall teach them to your sons to speak with them, when you sit in your house and when you walk on the way and when you lie down and when you rise. 20. And you shall inscribe them upon the doorposts of your house and upon your gates, 21. in order that your days may increase and the days of your children, on the land which the Lord swore to your forefathers to give them, as the days of heaven above the earth. Deuteronomy 11:13-21 ^*

Checking the scroll

Because the scroll is tightly wound, it is easy for letters to become cracked or flake off entirely. As a scroll with a cracked or missing letter is no longer considered valid, Halakha mandates that every scroll must be checked by a qualified sofer (scribe) twice every seven years, to ensure that it has not been damaged.

Customs

When passing through a doorway with a mezuzah, some Jews touch the mezuzah and kiss their fingers, as an expression of devotion to Torah. This custom originated as a result of a story brought down in the Talmud (Tractate Avodah Zarah 11a):

A Roman Caesar sent guards to arrest Onkelos (a convert to Judaism who wrote the Biblical commentary Targum Onkelos) the son of Kalonymus, to put him to death. When the guards seized Onkelos, he explained to them the basis for faith in the Jewish God, and enticed them with the benefits a life of Judaism has to offer. They could not resist their urge to convert, and they released him.

When the Caesar realized what had happened, he sent another set of guards, but this time with explicit instructions not to listen to the man at all. When they arrived to capture him, Onkelos tried to convince them to release him, but to no avail, because they were under orders not to listen to him. As they pulled him from his house, he touched the mezuzah on the doorpost. When one of the guards asked him what it was that he touched, he replied as follows: "A king of flesh and blood sits in the palace while his servants guard from outside. Yet our Lord allows his servants to sit inside while he guards from outside." When they heard this, these guards, too, could not resist their urge and converted to Judaism.

Removing the mezuzah

When Jewish residents move out of a home, it is normal for them to remove all mezuzot from the doors. If the residence is next going to be inhabited by another Jew or a group of Jews, it is acceptable to leave the mezuzot in place. If the next inhabitants are not Jewish, it is advisable to remove at least the scrolls if not the cases as well, as the new residents may not understand the significance of this mitzvah or, worse, may unknowingly descrate the mezuzot.

External links

Complete Mezuzah Guide - Including How-To, Handbook, Readings and an In Depth section chabad.org
The Mezuzah - a magical world concealed behind a case - article from JewishArt.org
Mezuzah: God's Word on the Doorpost - Illustrated article from ReligionFacts
Mezuzah on Judaica Guide
The laws of Mezuzah
Mezuzah on the Zion Gate- Photo from *Jerusalem
World Wide Mezuzah Campaign Unifying the Jewish nation by exploring the ancient spiritual practice of the mezuzah
Mezuzah Information PagesSeveral informative pages about Mezuzahs and what makes them kosher.

Jewish law and rituals | Jewish texts | Hebrew words

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