Something that is used for distinguishing something, a sign (e.g. a marker buoy). A stone marker can be used to indicate distance, direction, or a boundary (e.g. the Three-Farthing Stone).
In molecular biology a genetic marker (aka DNA marker) is used to identify a gene. A cell surface marker is an antigen characteristic of the surface of a cell or a cell type.
In cytogenetics - a not identifiable so called 'marker chromosome'
A material added to an explosive to help identify its presence before detonation, or to identify its last legal owner after detonation. See taggant
In linguistics, a marker is a morpheme that indicates some grammatical function of the marked word or sentence. In the English language, the final -s in dogs is a plural marker, for instance.
In telephony, a marker is a special-purpose computer historically found in electromechanical switching systems.
A person who marks (grades) assignments, as in a university (generally used by Canadians and in other Commonwealth countries, whereas Americans say "grader")
When drinking, a marker refers to a token (usually an upside down shot glass) that purchased by another individual that allows the recipient to order another round of what he/she is drinking.