A short nail with a thick head: used to increase the durability of boot soles.
Hobnailed boots have been used since antiquity for inexpensive durable footwear, often by workmen and the military. They have hobnails, usually installed in a regular pattern over the whole sole. They also usually have an iron horseshoe-shaped insert to strengthen the heel. They provide traction on soft or rocky ground, but they tend to be skiddy on smooth hard artificial surfaces.
Other uses
A pattern of glassware: (sometime called Fenton Hobnail) where the body of the piece has a regular array of bumps, as if finished with glass hobnails.
A musical band in New Zealand: called Hobnail Boots.
A popular song from 1907, performed by Billy Williams (http://billy_williams_oz.tripod.com/recordings.htm).