Hima means (is Arabic for) "inviolate zones" solely for the conservation of natural capital, typically fields, wildlife and forests (contrast haram to protect areas for more immediate human purposes). A Muslim has a specific obligation to practice khalifa ("stewardship") over nature, and each species of animals is said to be "its own nation". The selection of hima was thus a religious rather than community obligation, and was often undertaken by ulema. There were five types of hima reserves:

• areas where grazing of domestic animals was prohibited
• areas where grazing was restricted to certain seasons
• beekeeping reserves where grazing was restricted during flowering
• forest areas where cutting of trees was forbidden
• reserves managed for the welfare of a particular village, town, or tribe (see haram, although that term usually refers more to water protection measures)

See also: haram, khalifa, conservation, wilderness reserve

Islamic law Sustainable agriculture