In general, a filler is something that is used to fill gaps. Specialist meanings of the word "filler" include:
Fillers are mostly used in furniture industries to fill the plywood or wooden surfaces prelaminated or laminated, prepolished or polished and on all sorts of woods so that no absorbing pores/minute holes are left open. This is done prior to the application of wood polishes\finishes and wood stains so as to maintain a better look of such surfaces.