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Dromaeosaurids, 'raptors' or members of the family Dromaeosauridae ('running lizards' from Greek dromeus (δρομευς) meaning 'runner' and sauros (σαυρος) meaning 'lizard') are theropod dinosaurs. They were mainly small, gracile carnivores that flourished in the Cretaceous period. In popular usage they are often called "raptors" after the Velociraptor (which was made famous by the film Jurassic Park) and their similarities to modern carnivorous birds of prey who are also commonly called raptors.

Dromaeosaurids have been found in North America, Europe, North Africa, Japan, China, Mongolia, Madagascar and Argentina. They first appeared in the Mid-Jurassic period (Bathonian stage, 167 million years ago) and survived until the end of the Cretaceous (Maastrichtian stage, 65.5 ma), existing for over 60 million years, up until the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event. Jurassic dromaeosaurs are known primarily from teeth (Metcalf et al., 1992).

Characteristics

Dromaeosaurs were small to medium-sized dinosaurs, ranging from about 2-20 feet in length. Like other theropods, they walked on their hind legs, however the large second toe claw was apparently held retracted, with the third and fourth toes bearing the weight of the animal. The second toe claw is curved and bladelike, and there is currently disagreement about its function. Some have argued that it served as a hook, but its sharp ventral edges and flattened shape suggest it may have been used as a slashing weapon, like the canines of saber-toothed cats. The long tail of dromaeosaurs had a flexible base, but most of its length was stiffened by bony tendons. It has been proposed that this tail was used as a stabilizer, in Microraptor gui the tail ends in a small, diamond-shaped fan of feathers which may have been used as an aerodynamic stabilizer and rudder. There is suggestive evidence that some dromaeosaurids hunted in packs: Deinonychus fossils have been uncovered in small groups that seem to have been killed while attacking Tenontosaurus tilletti, a larger ornithischian dinosaur. Not all paleontologists find the evidence conclusive, however.

Relationship with birds

Main article: Feathered dinosaurs

Dromaeosaurids are theropods, and may be the sister taxon to Aves (birds), although there is mounting evidence (including the Thermopolis specimen of Archaeopteryx which preserves a retractable second toe claw) that they are true Avian birds (see below). Either way, Dromaeosauridae is a subgroup of Deinonychosauria and includes such animals as Deinonychus, Dromaeosaurus, Velociraptor, Microraptor, Saurornitholestes, Utahraptor, Rahonavis and Buitreraptor. Dromaeosauridae is sometimes seen as synonymous to Deinonychosauria, when Troodontidae is placed in less derived maniraptorans.

Evidence from dromaeosaur skin impressions (in animals such as Microraptor, Cryptovolans and Sinornithosaurus) shows modern pennaceous feathers and fully formed remiges or 'flight feathers', leading to the question of whether these animals were capable of active flight. Modern feathers are a primitive trait of the maniraptora and primitive dromaeosaurids and dromaeosaur relatives (like Jinfengopteryx, Pedopenna and Archaeopteryx) show evidence of feathers. While it is extremely likely that all small dromaeosaurs had feathers, it is possible that the larger forms lost some or all of their insulatory covering (Prum & Brush, 2002).

True birds?

While dromaeosaurids have traditionally been considered non-avian dinosaurs, some researchers (such as Martin, Paul, and Czerkas) consider dromaeosaurids and other maniraptorans to be more derived than the first bird, Archaeopteryx and therefore members of the clade/class Aves. While few published cladistic studies support this hypothesis (instead favoring a position as the closest relatives of Aves but not true members of that group), these researchers point to a number of skeletal features present in dromaeosaurs that are usually found only in flightless birds. The presence of advanced wing feathers, the possibility of flight in the most primitive dromaeosaurs (microraptorians and Rahonavis) (Czerkas, 2002) and the shoulder joints adapted for flapping in many species (such as Unenlagia) also lend support to the idea that dromaeosaurs were true birds (Paul, 2002).

Classification

The family Dromaeosauridae was first erected by Matthew and Brown (1922) for the new genus Dromaeosaurus and was given a cladistic definition by Sereno (1998). Sereno defined it as the most inclusive clade containing Dromaeosaurus but not Troodon, Ornithomimus or Passer. The subfamilies of Dromaeosauridae frequently shift in content based on new analysis but typically consist of the following groups:
  • Dromaeosaurinae: defined as all dromaeosaurs closer to Dromaeosaurus than to Velociraptor, Microraptor, Unenlagia or Passer. This subfamily is usually found to consist of medium to giant-sized species, with generally box-shaped skulls (the other subfamilies generally have narrower snouts).
  • Velociraptorinae: defined as all dromaeosaurs closer to Velociraptor than to Dromaeosaurus, Microraptor, Unenlagia or Passer. Velociraptorinae has traditionally included Deinonychus and Saurornithoides, although most recent studies suggest those genera are closer to Dromaeosaurus, leaving only Velociraptor in this subfamily.
  • Microraptorinae (aka Microraptoria): defined as all dromaeosaurs closer to Microraptor than to Dromaeosaurus, Velociraptor, Unenlagia' or Passer''. This subfamily includes many of the smallest dromaeosaurs, which show adaptations for living in trees. All known dromaeosaur skin impressions hail from this group and all show an extensive covering of feathers and well-developed wings. Some species may have been capable of active flight.
  • Unenlagiinae: defined as all dromaeosaurs closer to Unenlagia than to Dromaeosaurus, Velociraptor, Microraptor or Passer. This enigmatic group is the most poorly-supported subfamily of dromaeosaurs and it is possible that some or all of its members belong outside of Dromaeosauridae. The larger, ground-dwelling members like Buitreraptor and Unenlagia show strong flight adaptations, although they were probably too large to 'take off'. One possible member of this group, Rahonavis, is very small, with well-developed wings that show evidence of quill knobs (the attachment points for flight feathers) and it is very likely that it could fly.

Note: Some authors and cladistic studies, especially those that include the small flying species of dromaeosaurid, find the first bird Archaeopteryx to be an early member of Dromaeosauridae. If this is the case, since its family was named before the family Dromaeosauridae, ICZN rules state that its family name has priority. Therefore, when Archaeopteryx is included, the name "Dromaeosauridae" becomes invalid in favor of the name Archaeopterygidae. Paul (1986) was among the first to name dinosaurs such as Deinonychus and Velociraptor as archaeopterygids, rather than dromaeosaurids.

Species

A classification of the various species of dromaeosaurids, based on Sereno (2005), Senter (2004), and Makovicky (2005).

References

External links

Feathered dinosaurs | Dromaeosaurs

Dromaeosauridae | Dromaeosauridae | Dromaeosauridae | Dromaeosauridae | דרומזאורידים | Dromaeosauridae | Raptory | Dromaeosauridae | Dromeosaurider

 

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the "Dromaeosauridae".

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