A boot sector is a sector of a hard disc, floppy disc, or similar data storage device that contains code for bootstrapping programs (usually, but not necessarily, operating systems) stored in other parts of the disc.

Kinds of boot sectors

There are two major kinds of boot sectors:

• A Volume Boot Record is the first sector of a data storage device that has not been partitioned, or the first sector of an individual partition on a data storage device that has been partitioned. It contains code to load and invoke the operating system (or other standalone program) installed on that device or within that partition.
• A Master Boot Record is the first sector of a data storage device that has been partitioned. It contains code to locate the active partition and to invoke its Volume Boot Record.

On IBM PC compatible machines, the BIOS is ignorant of the distinction between VBRs and MBRs, and of partitioning. The firmware simply loads and runs the first sector of the storage device. If the device is a floppy disc, that will be a VBR. If the device is a hard disc, that will be an MBR. It is the code in the MBR that understands disc partitioning, and that is responsible for in turn loading and running the VBR of the active (primary) partition.

Boot sectors and computer viruses

Boot sectors are one mechanism by which computer viruses gain control of a system. Boot sector infector viruses replace the bootstrap code in the boot sectors (of floppy discs, hard discs, or both) with viral code.

As well as being ignorant of whether a disc has been partitioned, the BIOS on IBM PC compatible machines is also ignorant of whether a disc has in fact been high-level formatted and had an operating system installed in it. The error message displayed when a machine is bootstrapped from a disc without an operating system installed on it (asking the user to insert a bootable disc and press a key) is in fact displayed by code in the boot sector itself, not by the machine firmware.

This results in a security vulnerability. A user who sees the error message may not be aware that the code in the boot sector of the disc has already been run by that point, and that if the disc was infected by a boot-sector computer virus, the virus will have already gained control of the machine. Because of this vulnerability, computer security experts tend to recommend that booting from devices other than the one containing the installed operating system, such as removable media devices (e.g. floppy disc devices, CD-ROMs, and USB flash drives), be disabled in normal operation via the BIOS setup utility, and only re-enabled on those specific occasions when booting from such devices is actually required.

Further reading

Computer file systems | BIOS

قطاع الإقلاع | Boot sector | Sektor rozruchowy | Boot sector | 引导扇区