Bone morphogenetic protein

Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) are group of growth factors known for their ability to induce the formation of bone and cartilage. Originally, seven such proteins were discovered. Of these, six of them BMP2 through BMP7 belong to the TGF-β (Transforming Growth Factor-beta) superfamily of proteins. Since then, several more BMP's have been discovered.

BMPs interact with specific receptors on the cell surface, referred to as bone morphogenetic protein receptors (BMPRs). Signal transduction through BMPRs results in mobilization of members of the Smad family of proteins, specifically SMAD1, SMAD5 and SMAD8. The signaling pathways involving BMPs, BMPRs and Smads are important in the development of the heart, central nervous system, and cartilage, as well as post-natal bone development. They have an important role during embryonic development on the embryonic patterning and early skeletal forming. As such disruption of BMP signaling can affect the body plan of the developing embryo. For example BMP4 and its inhibitors noggin and chordin play a role in determining the back and front of the embryo. Mutations of other BMPs and inhibitors of BMPs (such as sclerostin) are associated with a number of human disorders affecting the skeleton. There are sixteen reported bone morphogenetic proteins, some are also named as cartilage-derived morphogenetic proteins (CDMPs) and growth differentiation factors (GDFs).BMP1 has a novel protein structure.

Discovery

The seminal paper reporting the initial discovery of bone morphogenetic protein activity was published in 1965 by Marshal R. Urist in Science. available at JSTOR

List of Bone Morphogenetic Proteins

|*BMP1 does not belong to the TGF-β family of proteins. It is a metalloprotease that acts on procollagen I, II, and III. It is involded in cartilage development.

||Chromosome: 8; Location: 8p21 |}

Uses

Members of the BMP family are potentially useful as therapeutics in areas such as spinal fusion. BMP-2 has been shown in clinical studies to be of use in the treatment of a variety of bone-related conditions. BMP-2 and BMP-7 have received Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for human clinical uses. One drawback of BMP's is their very high cost, which can be between $6000 and $10,000 for a typical treatment.

BMP-7 has also recently found use in the treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD). BMP-7 has been shown in murine animal models to reverse the loss of glomeruli due to sclerosis. Curis has been in the forefront of developing BMP-7 for this use. In 2002, Curis licensed BMP-7 to Ortho Biotech Products, a subsidiary of Johnson & Johnson.

References

General references

Osteogenic Activity of the Fourteen Types of Human Bone Morphogenetic Proteins

External links

BMP: The What and the Who

Growth factors | Developmental biology

Bone morphogenetic protein | BMPs | 骨形成タンパク質

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