Bilateria

The Bilateria, having bilateral symmetry, are a subregnum (a major group) of animals, including the majority of phyla; the most notable exceptions are the sponges and cnidarians. For the most part, Bilateria have bodies that develop from three different germ layers, called the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. From this they are called triploblastic. Nearly all are bilaterally symmetrical, or approximately so. The most notable exception is the echinoderms, which are radially symmetrical as adults, but are bilaterally symmetrical as larvae.

Except for a few primitive forms, the Bilateria have complete digestive tracts with separate mouth and anus. Most Bilateria also have a type of internal body cavity, called a coelom. It was previously thought that acoelomates gave rise to the other group, but there is some evidence now that in the main acoelomate phyla (flatworms and gastrotrichs) the absence could be secondary. The indirect evidence for the primitivity of coelom is that the oldest known bilaterian animal, Vernanimalcula, had a structure that could be interpreted as a body cavity. It should be noted, however, that the very nature and scarcity of palaeontological material does not allow for decisive conclusions on this matter.

There are two or more superphyla (main lineages) of Bilateria. The deuterostomes include the echinoderms, hemichordates, chordates, and possibly a few smaller phyla. The protostomes include most of the rest, such as arthropods, annelids, mollusks, flatworms, and so forth. There are a number of differences, most notably in how the embryo develops. In particular, the first opening of the embryo becomes the mouth in protostomes, and the anus in deuterostomes. Many taxonomists now recognize at least two more superphyla among the protostomes, Ecdysozoa (molting animals) and Lophotrochozoa. Some taxonomists also recognize another protostome superphylum, Platyzoa, while others would include the Platyzoans in Lophotrochozoa^* or not include them in any superphylum. The arrow worms (Chaetognatha) have proven particularly difficult to classify, with some taxonomists placing them among the deuterostomes and others placing them among the protostomes. The two most recent studies to address the question of chaetognath origins (Helfenbein et al. 2004 and Papillon et al. 2004) support protostome affinities.

References

Tree of Life web project - Bilateria
University of California Museum of Paleontology - Systematics of the Metazoa
Helfenbein, Kevin G., H. Matthew Fourcade, Rohit G. Vanjani, and Jeffrey L. Boore (2004). The mitochondrial genome of Paraspadella gotoi is highly reduced and reveals that chaetognaths are a sister group to protostomes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101(29), July 20 2004: 10639-10643.
Papillon, Daniel, Yvan Perez, Xavier Caubit, and Yannick Le Parco (2004). Identification of chaetognaths as protostomes is supported by the analysis of their mitochondrial genome. Molecular Biology and Evolution 21(11), November 2004: 2122-2129.

Animals

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References