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Anthracyclines are a class of chemotherapeutic agents based upon daunosamine and tetra-hydro-naphthacene-dione. These compounds are used to treat a wide range of cancers, including (but not limited to) leukemias, lymphomas, and breast, uterine, ovarian, and lung cancers. Available agents include:
- Daunorubicin
- Daunorubicin (liposomal)
- Doxorubicin
- Doxorubicin (liposomal)
- Epirubicin
- Idarubicin
- Mitoxantrone
Anthracyclines technically are also antibiotics, although their high toxicity precludes their use as such.
Mechanism of Action
Anthracyclines inhibit DNA and RNA synthesis by intercalating between base pairs of the DNA/RNA strand, thus preventing the replication of rapidly-growing cancer cells. They also create iron-mediated free oxygen radicals that damage the DNA and cell membranes.
Cardiotoxicity
As well as many of the expected adverse reactions of chemotherapeutic agents, anthracyclines are notorious for causing cardiotoxicity. This cardiotoxicity may be caused by many factors, which may include interference with the ryanodine receptors of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in the heart muscle cells, free radical formation in the heart or from buildup of metabolic products of the anthracycline in the heart. The cardioxicity often presents as EKG changes and arrhythmias, or as a cardiomyopathy leading to congestive heart failure (sometimes presenting many years after treatment). This cardiotoxicity is related to a patient's cumulative lifetime dose. A patient's lifetime dose is calculated during treatment, and anthracycline treatment is usually stopped (or at least re-evaluated by the oncologist) upon reaching the maximum cumulative dose of the particular anthracycline.
Dexrazoxane is a cardioprotectant agent that is sometimes used to reduce the risk of cardiotoxicity. Liposomal formulations of daunorubicin and doxorubicin have been approved that appear to be somewhat less toxic to cardiac tissue.
References
- Lacy, Charles F; Armstrong, Lora L; Goldman, Morton P; Lance, Leonard L (2004) Lexi-Comp's Drug Information Handbook (12th Edition) Lexi-Comp ISBN 1-59195-083-X
- Fischer, David S; Knobf, M Tish; Durivage, Henry J; Beaulieu, Nancy J (2003) The Cancer Chemotherapy Handbook (6th Edition) Mosby ISBN 0-323-01890-4
"Anthracycline"