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Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are effective against certain types of bacteria. They include amikacin, gentamicin, kanamycin, neomycin, netilmicin, paromomycin, streptomycin, tobramycin and apramycin. Those which are derived from Streptomyces species are named with the suffix -mycin, while those which are derived from micromonospora are named with the suffix -micin.
Mechanism of action
Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, inhibiting the formation of initiation complex and also causing misreading of t-RNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.
Spectrum of activity
Aminoglycosides are useful primarily in infections involving aerobic, Gram-negative bacteria, such as Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, and Enterobacter. In addition, some mycobacteria, including the bacteria that cause tuberculosis, are susceptible to aminoglycosides. The most frequent use of aminoglycosides is empiric therapy for serious infections such as septicemia, complicated intraabdominal infections, complicated urinary tract infections, and nosocomial respiratory tract infections. Usually, once cultures of the causal organism are grown and their susceptibilities tested, aminoglycosides are discontinued in favor of less toxic antibiotics.
Streptomycin was the first effective drug in the treatment of tuberculosis, though the role of aminoglycosides such as streptomycin and amikacin have been eclipsed (because of their toxicity and inconvenient route of administration) except for multiple drug resistant strains.
Infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria can also be treated with aminoglycosides, but other types of antibiotics are more potent and less damaging to the host. In the past the aminoglycosides have been used in conjunction with beta-lactam antibiotics in streptococcal infections for their synergistic effects, particularly in endocarditis. One of the most frequent combinations is Ampicillin (a beta-lactam, or penicillin-related antibiotic) and Gentamicin. Often, hospital staff refer to this combination as "amp and gent" or more recently called "pen and gent" for penicillin and gentamycin.
Aminoglycosides are mostly ineffective against anaerobic bacteria, fungi and viruses.
Toxicity
Because of their potential for ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity (renal toxicity), aminoglycosides are administered in doses based on body weight. Blood drug levels and creatinine are monitored during the course of therapy. Serum creatinine measurements are used to estimate how well the kidneys are functioning and as a marker for kidney damage caused by these drugs.
Routes of administration
Since they are not absorbed from the gut, they are administered intravenously and intramuscularly. Some are used in topical preparations for wounds. Oral administration can be used for gut decontamination (e.g. in hepatic encephalopathy).
External links
- MedlinePlus drug information - Aminoglycosides (Systemic)
Аминогликозиди | Aminoglykosid | Aminoglucósido | Aminoglikozido | Aminoside | アミノグリコシド系抗生物質 | Aminoglicosido | อะมิโนไกลโคไซด์ | 氨基糖苷类抗生素
"Aminoglycoside"