Hermitian adjoint

In mathematics, specifically in functional analysis, one associates to every linear operator on a Hilbert space its adjoint operator. Adjoints of operators generalize conjugate transposes of square matrices to (possibly) infinite-dimensional situations. If one thinks of operators on a Hilbert space as "generalized complex numbers", then the adjoint of an operator plays the role of the complex conjugate of a complex number.

The adjoint of an operator A is also sometimes called the Hermitian adjoint of A and is denoted by A^* or A^† (the latter especially when used in conjunction with the bra-ket notation).

Definition for bounded operators

Suppose H is a Hilbert space, with inner product <.,.>. Consider a continuous linear operator A : H → H (this is the same as a bounded operator).

Using the Riesz representation theorem, one can show that there exists a unique continuous linear operator A* : H → H with the following property:

\lang Ax , y \rang = \lang x , A^* y \rang \quad \mbox{for all } x,y\in H

This operator A* is the adjoint of A.

Properties

Immediate properties:

A** = A
If A is invertible, so is A*. Then, (A*)⁻¹ = (A⁻¹)*
(A + B )* = A* + B*
(λA)* = λ* A*, where λ* denotes the complex conjugate of the complex number λ
(AB)* = B* A*

If we define the operator norm of A by

\| A \| _{op} := \sup \{ \|Ax \| : \| x \| \le 1 \}

then

\| A^* \| _{op} = \| A \| _{op}

Moreover,

\| A^* A \| _{op} = \| A \| _{op}^2

The set of bounded linear operators on a Hilbert space H together with the adjoint operation and the operator norm form the prototype of a C* algebra.

Hermitian operators

A bounded operator A : H → H is called Hermitian or self-adjoint if

A = A*

which is equivalent to

\lang Ax , y \rang = \lang x , A y \rang \mbox{ for all } x,y\in H.

In some sense, these operators play the role of the real numbers (being equal to their own "complex conjugate"). They serve as the model of real-valued observables in quantum mechanics. See the article on self-adjoint operators for a full treatment.

Adjoints of unbounded operators

Many operators of importance are not continuous and are only defined on a subspace of a Hilbert space. In this situation, one may still define an adjoint, as is explained in the article on self-adjoint operators.

Other adjoints

The equation

\lang Ax , y \rang = \lang x , A^* y \rang

is formally similar to the defining properties of pairs of adjoint functors in category theory, and this is where adjoint functors got their name.

Gourt Home::Gourt :: Hermitian adjoint

Definition for bounded operators

Properties

Hermitian operators

Adjoints of unbounded operators

Other adjoints

See also