White noise () is a random signal (or process) with a flat power spectral density. In other words, the signal's power spectral density has equal power in any band, at any centre frequency, having a given bandwidth. White noise is considered analagous to white light which contains all frequencies.

An infinite-bandwidth white noise signal is purely a theoretical construct. By having power at all frequencies, the total power of such a signal is infinite. In practice, a signal can be "white" with a flat spectrum over a defined frequency band.

Statistical properties

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The term white noise is also commonly applied to a noise signal in the spatial domain which has zero autocorrelation over the relevant space dimensions. The signal is then "white" in the spatial frequency domain (this is equally true for signals in the angular frequency domain, e.g. the distribution of a signal across all angles in the night sky). The image to the right displays a finite length, discrete time realization of a white noise process generated from a computer.

Being uncorrelated in time does not, however, restrict the values a signal can take. Any distribution of values is possible (although it must have zero DC component). For example, a binary signal which can only take on the values 1 or 0 will be white if the sequence of zeros and ones is statistically uncorrelated. Noise having a continuous distribution, such as a normal distribution, can of course be white.

It is often incorrectly assumed that Gaussian noise (i.e. noise with a Gaussian amplitude distribution — see normal distribution) is necessarily white noise. However, neither property implies the other. Gaussianity refers to the way signal values are distributed, while the term 'white' refers to correlations at two distinct times, which are independent of the noise amplitude distribution.

We can therefore find Gaussian white noise, but also Poisson, Cauchy, etc. white noises. Note that the distribution must have infinite variance. Thus, the two words "Gaussian" and "white" are often both specified in mathematical models of systems. Gaussian white noise is a good approximation of many real-world situations and generates mathematically tractable models. These models are used so frequently that the term additive white Gaussian noise has a standard abbreviation: AWGN. Gaussian white noise has the useful statistical property that its values are independent (see Statistical independence).

White noise is the generalized mean-square derivative of the Wiener process or Brownian motion.

Colors of noise

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There are also other "colors" of noise, the most commonly used being pink, brown and blue.

Applications

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One use for white noise is in the field of architectural acoustics. Here in order to submerge distracting, undesirable noises (for example conversations, etc.) in interior spaces, a constant low level of noise is generated and provided as a background sound. White noise is used by some sirens for emergency vehicles, due to its ability to cut through background noise (e.g. urban traffic noise) and doesn't echo so is easier to perceive direction.

White noise has also been used in electronic music, where it is used either directly or as an input for a filter to create other types of noise signal. It is used extensively in audio synthesis, typically to recreate percussive instruments such as cymbals which have high noise content in their frequency domain.

It is also used to generate impulse responses. To set up the EQ for a concert or other performance in a venue, a short burst of white or pink noise is sent through the PA system and monitored from various points in the venue so that the engineer can tell if the acoustics of the building naturally boost or cut any frequencies. He or she can then adjust the overall EQ to ensure a balanced mix.

White noise can be used for frequency response testing of amplifiers and electronic filters. It is sometimes used with a flat response microphone and an automatic equalizer. The idea is that the system will generate white noise and the microphone will pick up the white noise produced by the speakers. It will then automatically equalize each frequency band to get a flat response. That system is used in professional level equipment, some high-end home stereo and some high-end car radios.

White noise is used as the basis of some random number generators.

White noise can be used to disorient individuals prior to interrogation and may be used as part of sensory deprivation techniques. White noise machines are sold as privacy enhancers and sleep aids and to mask tinnitus.

Mathematical definition

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White random vector

A random vector $\backslash mathbf\{w\}$ is a white random vector if and only if its mean vector and autocorrelation matrix are the following:

$\backslash mu\_w\; =\; \backslash mathbb\{E\}\backslash \{\; \backslash mathbf\{w\}\; \backslash \}\; =\; 0$

$R\_\{ww\}\; =\; \backslash mathbb\{E\}\backslash \{\; \backslash mathbf\{w\}\; \backslash mathbf\{w\}^T\backslash \}\; =\; \backslash sigma^2\; \backslash mathbf\{I\}$

I.e., it is a zero mean random vector, and its autocorrelation matrix is a multiple of the identity matrix. When the autocorrelation matrix is a multiple of the identity, we say that it has spherical correlation.

White random process (white noise)

A continuous time random process $w(t)$ where $t\; \backslash in\; \backslash mathbb\{R\}$ is a white noise process if and only if its mean function and autocorrelation function satisfy the following:

$\backslash mu\_w(t)\; =\; \backslash mathbb\{E\}\backslash \{\; w(t)\backslash \}\; =\; 0$

$R\_\{ww\}(t\_1,\; t\_2)\; =\; \backslash mathbb\{E\}\backslash \{\; w(t\_1)\; w(t\_2)\backslash \}\; =\; \backslash sigma^2\; \backslash delta(t\_1\; -\; t\_2)$

I.e., it is a zero mean process for all time and has infinite power at zero time shift since its autocorrelation function is the Dirac delta function.

The above autocorrelation function implies the following power spectral density.

$S\_\{xx\}(\backslash omega)\; =\; \backslash sigma^2\; \backslash ,\backslash !$

since the Fourier transform of the delta function is equal to 1. Since this power spectral density is the same at all frequencies, we call it white as an analogy to the frequency spectrum of white light.

Random vector transformations

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Two theoretical applications using a white random vector are the simulation and whitening of another arbitrary random vector. To simulate an arbitrary random vector, we transform a white random vector with a carefully chosen matrix. We choose the transformation matrix so that the mean and covariance matrix of the transformed white random vector matches the mean and covariance matrix of the arbitrary random vector that we are simulating. To whiten an arbitrary random vector, we transform it by a different carefully chosen matrix so that the output random vector is a white random vector.

These two ideas are crucial in applications such as channel estimation and channel equalization in communications and audio. These concepts are also used in data compression.

Simulating a random vector

Suppose that a random vector $\backslash mathbf\{x\}$ has covariance matrix $K\_\{xx\}$. Since this matrix is Hermitian symmetric and positive semidefinite, by the spectral theorem from linear algebra, we can diagonalize or factor the matrix in the following way.

$\backslash ,\backslash !\; K\_\{xx\}\; =\; E\; \backslash Lambda\; E^T$

where $E$ is the orthogonal matrix of eigenvectors and $\backslash Lambda$ is the diagonal matrix of eigenvalues.

We can simulate the 1st and 2nd moment properties of this random vector $\backslash mathbf\{x\}$ with mean $\backslash mathbf\{\backslash mu\}$ and covariance matrix $K\_\{xx\}$ via the following transformation of a white vector $\backslash mathbf\{w\}$:

$\backslash mathbf\{x\}\; =\; H\; \backslash ,\; \backslash mathbf\{w\}\; +\; \backslash mu$

where

$\backslash ,\backslash !H\; =\; E\; \backslash Lambda^\{1/2\}$

Thus, the output of this transformation has expectation

$\backslash mathbb\{E\}\; \backslash \{\backslash mathbf\{x\}\backslash \}\; =\; H\; \backslash ,\; \backslash mathbb\{E\}\; \backslash \{\backslash mathbf\{w\}\backslash \}\; +\; \backslash mu\; =\; \backslash mu$

and covariance matrix

$\backslash mathbb\{E\}\; \backslash \{(\backslash mathbf\{x\}\; -\; \backslash mu)\; (\backslash mathbf\{x\}\; -\; \backslash mu)^T\backslash \}\; =\; H\; \backslash ,\; \backslash mathbb\{E\}\; \backslash \{\backslash mathbf\{w\}\; \backslash mathbf\{w\}^T\backslash \}\; \backslash ,\; H^T\; =\; H\; \backslash ,\; H^T\; =\; E\; \backslash Lambda^\{1/2\}\; \backslash Lambda^\{1/2\}\; E^T\; =\; K\_\{xx\}$

Whitening a random vector

The method for whitening a vector $\backslash mathbf\{x\}$ with mean $\backslash mathbf\{\backslash mu\}$ and covariance matrix $K\_\{xx\}$ is to perform the following calculation:

$\backslash mathbf\{w\}\; =\; \backslash Lambda^\{-1/2\}\backslash ,\; E^T\; \backslash ,\; (\; \backslash mathbf\{x\}\; -\; \backslash mathbf\{\backslash mu\}\; )$

Thus, the output of this transformation has expectation

$\backslash mathbb\{E\}\; \backslash \{\backslash mathbf\{w\}\backslash \}\; =\; \backslash Lambda^\{-1/2\}\backslash ,\; E^T\; \backslash ,\; (\; \backslash mathbb\{E\}\; \backslash \{\backslash mathbf\{x\}\; \backslash \}\; -\; \backslash mathbf\{\backslash mu\}\; )\; =\; \backslash Lambda^\{-1/2\}\backslash ,\; E^T\; \backslash ,\; (\backslash mu\; -\; \backslash mu)\; =\; 0$

and covariance matrix

$\backslash mathbb\{E\}\; \backslash \{\backslash mathbf\{w\}\; \backslash mathbf\{w\}^T\backslash \}\; =\; \backslash mathbb\{E\}\; \backslash \{\; \backslash Lambda^\{-1/2\}\backslash ,\; E^T\; \backslash ,\; (\; \backslash mathbf\{x\}\; -\; \backslash mathbf\{\backslash mu\}\; )(\; \backslash mathbf\{x\}\; -\; \backslash mathbf\{\backslash mu\}\; )^T\; E\; \backslash ,\; \backslash Lambda^\{-1/2\}\backslash ,\; \backslash \}$

$=\; \backslash Lambda^\{-1/2\}\backslash ,\; E^T\; \backslash ,\; \backslash mathbb\{E\}\; \backslash \{(\; \backslash mathbf\{x\}\; -\; \backslash mathbf\{\backslash mu\}\; )(\; \backslash mathbf\{x\}\; -\; \backslash mathbf\{\backslash mu\}\; )^T\backslash \}\; E\; \backslash ,\; \backslash Lambda^\{-1/2\}\backslash ,$

$=\; \backslash Lambda^\{-1/2\}\backslash ,\; E^T\; \backslash ,\; K\_\{xx\}\; E\; \backslash ,\; \backslash Lambda^\{-1/2\}$

By diagonalizing $K\_\{xx\}$, we get the following:

$\backslash Lambda^\{-1/2\}\backslash ,\; E^T\; \backslash ,\; E\; \backslash Lambda\; E^T\; E\; \backslash ,\; \backslash Lambda^\{-1/2\}\; =\; \backslash Lambda^\{-1/2\}\backslash ,\; \backslash Lambda\; \backslash ,\; \backslash Lambda^\{-1/2\}\; =\; I$

Thus, with the above transformation, we can whiten the random vector to have zero mean and the identity covariance matrix.

Random signal transformations

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We can extend the same two concepts of simulating and whitening to the case of continuous time random signals or processes. For simulating, we create a filter into which we feed a white noise signal. We choose the filter so that the output signal simulates the 1st and 2nd moments of any arbitrary random process. For whitening, we feed any arbitrary random signal into a specially chosen filter so that the output of the filter is a white noise signal.

Simulating a continuous-time random signal

We can simulate any wide-sense stationary, continuous-time random process $x(t)\; :\; t\; \backslash in\; \backslash mathbb\{R\}\backslash ,\backslash !$ with constant mean $\backslash mu$ and covariance function

$K\_x(\backslash tau)\; =\; \backslash mathbb\{E\}\; \backslash left\backslash \{\; (x(t\_1)\; -\; \backslash mu)\; (x(t\_2)\; -\; \backslash mu)^\{*\}\; \backslash right\backslash \}\; \backslash mbox\{\; where\; \}\; \backslash tau\; =\; t\_1\; -\; t\_2$

and power spectral density

$S\_x(\backslash omega)\; =\; \backslash int\_\{-\backslash infty\}^\{\backslash infty\}\; K\_x(\backslash tau)\; \backslash ,\; e^\{-j\; \backslash omega\; \backslash tau\}\; \backslash ,\; d\backslash tau$

We can simulate this signal using frequency domain techniques.

Because $K\_x(\backslash tau)$ is Hermitian symmetric and positive semi-definite, it follows that $S\_x(\backslash omega)$ is real and can be factored as

$S\_x(\backslash omega)\; =\; |\; H(\backslash omega)\; |^2\; =\; H(\backslash omega)\; \backslash ,\; H^\{*\}\; (\backslash omega)$

if and only if $S\_x(\backslash omega)$ satisfies the Paley-Wiener criterion.

If $S\_x(\backslash omega)$ is a rational function, we can then factor it into pole-zero form as

$S\_x(\backslash omega)\; =\; \backslash frac\{\backslash Pi\_\{k=1\}^\{N\}\; (c\_k\; -\; j\; \backslash omega)(c^\{*\}\_k\; +\; j\; \backslash omega)\}\{\backslash Pi\_\{k=1\}^\{D\}\; (d\_k\; -\; j\; \backslash omega)(d^\{*\}\_k\; +\; j\; \backslash omega)\}$

Choosing a minimum phase $H(\backslash omega)$ so that its poles and zeros lie inside the left half s-plane, we can then simulate $x(t)$ with $H(\backslash omega)$ as the transfer function of the filter.

We can simulate $x(t)$ by constructing the following linear, time-invariant filter

$\backslash hat\{x\}(t)\; =\; \backslash mathcal\{F\}^\{-1\}\; \backslash left\backslash \{\; H(\backslash omega)\; \backslash right\backslash \}\; *\; w(t)\; +\; \backslash mu$

where $w(t)$ is a continuous-time, white-noise signal with the following 1st and 2nd moment properties:

$\backslash mathbb\{E\}\backslash \{w(t)\backslash \}\; =\; 0$

$\backslash mathbb\{E\}\backslash \{w(t\_1)w^\{*\}(t\_2)\backslash \}\; =\; K\_w(t\_1,\; t\_2)\; =\; \backslash delta(t\_1\; -\; t\_2)$

Thus, the resultant signal $\backslash hat\{x\}(t)$ has the same 2nd moment properties as the desired signal $x(t)$.

Whitening a continuous-time random signal

Suppose we have a wide-sense stationary, continuous-time random process $x(t)\; :\; t\; \backslash in\; \backslash mathbb\{R\}\backslash ,\backslash !$ defined with the same mean $\backslash mu$, covariance function $K\_x(\backslash tau)$, and power spectral density $S\_x(\backslash omega)$ as above.

We can whiten this signal using frequency domain techniques. We factor the power spectral density $S\_x(\backslash omega)$ as described above.

Choosing the minimum phase $H(\backslash omega)$ so that its poles and zeros lie inside the left half s-plane, we can then whiten $x(t)$ with the following inverse filter

$H\_\{inv\}(\backslash omega)\; =\; \backslash frac\{1\}\{H(\backslash omega)\}$

We choose the minimum phase filter so that the resulting inverse filter is stable. Additionally, we must be sure that $H(\backslash omega)$ is strictly positive for all $\backslash omega\; \backslash in\; \backslash mathbb\{R\}$ so that $H\_\{inv\}(\backslash omega)$ does not have any singularities.

The final form of the whitening procedure is as follows:

$w\; (t)\; =\; \backslash mathcal\{F\}^\{-1\}\; \backslash left\backslash \{\; H\_\{inv\}(\backslash omega)\; \backslash right\backslash \}\; *\; (x(t)\; -\; \backslash mu)$

so that $w(t)$ is a white noise random process with zero mean and constant, unit power spectral density

$S\_\{w\}(\backslash omega)\; =\; \backslash mathcal\{F\}\; \backslash left\backslash \{\; \backslash mathbb\{E\}\; \backslash \{\; w(t\_1)\; w(t\_2)\; \backslash \}\; \backslash right\backslash \}\; =\; H\_\{inv\}(\backslash omega)\; S\_x(\backslash omega)\; H^\{*\}\_\{inv\}(\backslash omega)\; =\; \backslash frac\{S\_x(\backslash omega)\}\{S\_x(\backslash omega)\}\; =\; 1$

Note that this power spectral density corresponds to a delta function for the covariance function of $w(t)$.

$K\_w(\backslash tau)\; =\; \backslash ,\backslash !\backslash delta\; (\backslash tau)$

Stochastic processes

See also

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• Electronics
• Electronic noise
• Delta function
• Independent component analysis
• Noise (physics)
• Principal components analysis
• Statistics
• White noise machine
• Pink Noise

External links

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• A mathematical application of noise whitening of pictures - pdf
• White noise calculator, thermal noise - Voltage in microvolts, conversion to noise level in dBu and dBV and vice versa
• Practical uses of White Noise MP3s for Tinnitus Treatment, Masking and Tinnitus Cure
• MP3 of feral white noise from a mountain stream courtesy of luketan.com

Noise | Statistics | Data compression

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