Western Apache refers to the similar Apache peoples living primarily in east central Arizona. Goodwin (1938) claims that the Western Apache can be divided into five groups based on dialect:

• Cibeque,
• Northern Tonto,
• Southern Tonto,
• San Carlos, and
• White Mountain.

Other researchers do not find any linguistic evidence for five groups, but rather three main varieties with several subgroupings:

• San Carlos,
• White Mountain, and
• Dilzhe'e.

Western Apache also refers to the Southern Athabaskan language spoken by these people. Western Apache is related to other Southern Athabaskan languages like Navajo, Chiricahua Apache, Mescalero Apache, Lipan Apache, Plains Apache, and Jicarilla Apache.

References & Recommend Reading

For the references, see the subarticle: Western Apache/Bibliography.

External links

• American Indian Language Development Institute (has children's video of Catcus Boy story in Western Apache)
• Western Apache-English Dictionary (White Mountain)
• White Mountain Apache Tribe (Arizona Intertribal Council)
• San Carlos Apache Tribe (Arizona Intertribal Council)
• Tonto Apache Tribe (Arizona Intertribal Council)
• Yavapai-Apache Nation Official Website
• Yavapai-Apache Nation (Arizona Intertribal Council)
• White Mountain Apache Tribe
• White Mountain Apache photographs
• map of Fort Apache Reservation
• photos & fact about White Mountain Apaches & Fort Apache Reservation a nice site
• Puberty Ceremony of White Mountain Apaches (information & photo)
• Simplied Apache Pronunciation
• Apache myths and other texts
• Grenville Goodwin's preface to Myths and Tales of the White Mountain Apache
• Issues in Language Textbook Development: The Case of Western Apache
• White Mountain Apache Language: Issues in Language Shift, Textbook Development, and Native Speaker-University Collaboration
• Western Apache vocabulary word list
• The Gift of Changing Woman (questia.com)

Southern Athabaskan languages | Native American tribes | Western Apache | Languages of the United States | Indigenous languages of the North American Southwest

Apacheeg ar c'hornôg | Westliche Apachen