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Upton Beall Sinclair (September 20, 1878 – November 25, 1968) was a prolific American author who wrote over 90 books in many genres, often advocating socialist views, and achieved considerable popularity in the first half of the twentieth century. He gained particular fame for his novel, The Jungle (1906), which dealt with conditions in the U.S. meat packing industry and caused a public uproar that ultimately led to the passage of the Meat Inspection Act in 1906.

However, the main point of The Jungle was lost on the public, overshadowed by his descriptions of unsanitary conditions in the packing plants. The public health concerns dealt with in The Jungle are actually far less significant than the human tragedy lived by his main character and other workers in the plants. His main goal for the book was to demonstrate the inhuman conditions of the wage earner under capitalism, not to inspire public health reforms in how the packing was done. Indeed, Sinclair lamented the effect of his book and the public uproar that resulted: "I aimed at the public's heart, and by accident I hit it in the stomach." Still, the fame and fortune he gained from publishing The Jungle enabled him to write books on almost every issue of social injustice in the 20th century.

Personal life

Sinclair lived much of his life in Monrovia, California and later in Buckeye, Arizona, but near the end of his life he moved to Bound Brook, New Jersey. He took an interest in psychic phenomena and experimented with telepathy, writing a book titled Mental Radio, published in 1930. Sinclair established a socialist commune called Helicon Hall Colony in 1906 with proceeds from his novel The Jungle. One of those who joined was the novelist and playwright Sinclair Lewis, who worked there as a janitor. The colony burned down in 1907, apparently from arson.

Sinclair faced what he would later call "the most difficult ethical problem of my life," when he was told in confidence by Sacco and Vanzetti's former attorney Fred Moore that they were guilty and how their alibis were supposedly arrangedHowever, in the letter revealing that discussion with Moore, Sinclair also wrote, "I had heard that he Boston, this account has been debunked by Sinclair biographer Greg Mitchell[http://www.editorandpublisher.com/eandp/columns/pressingissues_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1001921199" target="_blank" >*

Sinclair's platform for the California gubernatorial race of 1934, known as EPIC (End Poverty in California), galvanized the support of the Democratic Party, and Sinclair gained its nomination. Conservatives in California were themselves galvanized by this, as they saw it as an attempted Communist takeover of their state and used massive political propaganda portraying Sinclair as a Communist, even as he was being portrayed by American and Soviet Communists as a capitalist following the Que Viva Mexico! debacle. Robert Heinlein, later one of the most prominent among science fiction writers, was deeply involved in Sinclair's campaign - a point which he, Heinlein, tried to obscure from later biographies, after his political views shifted sharply to the right.

Sinclair was defeated by Frank F. Merriam in the election and largely abandoned EPIC and politics to return to writing. However, the race of 1934, would become known as the first race to use modern campaign techniques, such as motion picture propaganda.

Sinclair was married three times.

His papers, photographs, and first editions of most of his books are found at the Lilly Library, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana.

Political and social activism

An early success was the Civil War novel Manassas, written in 1903 and published a year later. Originally projected as the opening book of a trilogy, the success of The Jungle caused him to drop such plans, although he did revise Manassas decades later by "moderating some of the exuberance of the earlier version"; a description -- in Sinclair's case -- very much of a relative kind. The Jungle brought to light many major issues in America such as poverty and other social wrongs. It is rumored that Sinclair was a racist, and there is some foundation for this. Upton Sinclair grew up in the nineteenth century, where epithets were used to refer to people of certain ethnic backgrounds. In his books, he used these to realistically portray the way in which foreigners and minorities were referred to and treated. For example, in his book Oil!, a character in the book uses a disparaging word to refer to non-Jewish people and a different character in the same book uses a disparaging word to refer to Jewish people. No offense is intended or implied. The books were just written to accurately reflect the way people were during the time. However in other books, Sinclair goes well beyond the simple use of racial epithets in quotes. For example in The Jungle, it is the narrator (perhaps speaking for Sinclair himself) who describes African Americans in a highly negative light. To some, this description is merely capturing the mindset of the Eastern European immigrants who are the book's protagonists (a group which was itself held in low regard in America at the time) ; however, it must be said that similar racial views were commonly held in early 20th century America, including amongst people on the political left such as Jack London, and if Sinclair did indeed hold these views, it may have merely reflected the times that he lived in. (See Nadir of American race relations for more insight into attitudes of the era.) At the time that "The Jungle" was published, the epithets against blacks were unnoticed by both his supporters and detractors.

Sinclair helped found the California chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union in the 1920s.

The Lanny Budd series

Between 1940 and 1953 Sinclair wrote 11 novels about an American named Lanny Budd that, read in sequence, detailed much of the political history of the Western world in the first half of the twentieth century. Almost totally forgotten today, they were all bestsellers upon publication and were published in 21 countries. The third book in the series, Dragon's Teeth, won the Pulitzer Prize in 1943.

Long out of print, the Lanny Budd series have recently been re-issued by Simon Publications. For technical reasons, each original volume is issued in two parts, forming a 22-volume set.

Sinclair in popular culture

In Sinclair Lewis' novel It Can't Happen Here, Sinclair is depicted as an eccentric and a supporter of fascism out of opportunistic motives, who is rewarded for his support of an American fascist government by being made ambassador to Great Britain.

Sinclair is featured in Harry Turtledove's American Empire trilogy as the Socialist Party winner of the 1920, and 1924 United States presidential election.

Sinclair is featured as one of the main characters in Chris Bachelder's satirical fictional book 'U.S.!: a Novel'. Sinclair is the frequently assassinated and resurrected personification of the contemporary failings of the American-left and portrayed as an ineffectual and out of touch reformer always trying to implement American Socialism.

Works

External links

American novelists | California politicians | Columbia University alumni | Early muckrakers | Members of the Socialist Party of America | People from Baltimore | Pulitzer Prize winners | 1878 births | 1968 deaths

Ъптон Синклер | Upton Sinclair | Upton Sinclair | Upton Sinclair | אפטון סינקלר | アプトン・シンクレア | Upton Sinclair | Upton Sinclair | Upton Sinclair | Upton Sinclair

 

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