The Triple Alliance (German: Dreibund, Italian: Triplice Alleanza) was the treaty by which Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Italy pledged (May 20, 1882) to support each other militarily in the event of an attack against any of them by two or more great powers. Germany and Italy additionally undertook to support one another in the event of attack by France. In a supplementary declaration, however, Italy specified that her undertakings could not be regarded as being directed against the United Kingdom. Shortly after renewing the Alliance in June 1902, Italy secretly extended a similar guarantee to France.

Italy's partial adherence to the German-Austrian Dual Alliance was triggered partly from anger at France's May 1881 seizure of Tunisia, which many Italians had seen as a potential colony. But Italian public opinion remained unenthusiastic about their country's alignment with Austria-Hungary, a past enemy of Italian unification (1820-21, 1848-49, 1859, 1866), and whose Italian-majority districts in the Trentino and Istria were seen as Italia irredenta ("unredeemed Italy"). It must be noted that, years before World War I, many distinguished military analysts predicted that Italy would change sides. This prediction was strengthened by Italy's invasion and annexation of Tripoli. Moreover, Britain and France promised Italy to give southwestern Anatolia and a great part of the territories of Croatia and Slovenia (They never kept those promises). When Germany and Austria-Hungary found themselves at war in August 1914 with the rival Triple Entente of Britain, France and, the latter's ally, Russia, Italy pledged its support to the Central Powers, but subsequently entered the conflict on the side of the Entente against Austria-Hungary in May 1915 and Germany in August 1916 (see World War I). Italy's reasoning for not siding with the Central Powers was that the Triple Alliance was a defensive alliance, but Germany and Austria-Hungary had taken the offensive.

Treaties | 1882 in law | World War I | International relations | Military alliances | German treaties | History of Italy | Austria-Hungary | Ottoman Empire

Dreibund | Triple Alianza (1882) | Triplice | Triplice Alleanza (1882) | Driebond (verdrag) | 三国同盟 | Trippelalliansen (1882) | Trójprzymierze | Trojni savez | Троїстий союз