Timely Comics

Timely Comics is the 1940s comic book publishing company that would evolve into Marvel Comics. During this era, called the Golden Age of comic books, "Timely" was the umbrella name for the comics division of pulp magazine publisher Martin Goodman, whose business strategy involved having a multitude of corporate entities (including Red Circle Comics) all producing the same product. Timely was originally located in the McGraw-Hill Building on West 42nd Street in New York City, and later moved to the 14th floor of the Empire State Building.

Creating the company

In 1939, with the emerging medium of comic books proving hugely popular, and the first superheroes (most notably the archetypal Superman) setting the trend, Goodman contracted with newly formed comic-book "packager" Funnies, Inc. to supply material.

His first effort, Marvel Comics #1 (Oct. 1939), featured the first appearances of writer-artist Carl Burgos' android superhero, the Human Torch; Paul Gustavson's costumed detective The Angel; Al Anders' Western hero the Masked Raider; and the jungle lord Ka-Zar the Great, with Ben Thompson adapting a character from Goodman's eponymous pulp magazine). As well, it contained the first generally available appearance of Bill Everett's mutant anti-hero Namor the Sub-Mariner, created for the unpublished movie-theater giveaway comic Motion Picture Funnies Weekly, with the eight-page original story now expanded by four pages. Also included was Thom Dixon's non-continuing-character story "Jungle Terror," featuring an adventurer named Ken Masters; and a two-page prose story by Ray Gill, "Burning Rubber", about auto racing. A painted cover by veteran science-fiction pulp artist Frank R. Paul featured the Human Torch.

That initial comic quickly sold out 80,000 copies, prompting Goodman to produce a second printing, this one with a November 1939 cover date, that sold approximately 800,000 copies. With a hit on his hands, Goodman began assembling an in-house staff, hiring Funnies, Inc. writer-artist Joe Simon as editor. Simon brought along his collaborator, artist Jack Kirby. The next person hired was artist Syd Shores.

The boom years

Marvel Comics was rechristened Marvel Mystery Comics with issue #2 — the magazine would last through #92 (June 1949) — and Timely began publishing additional titles, beginning with Daring Mystery Comics #1 (Jan. 1940), Mystic Comics #1 (March 1940), Red Raven Comics #1 (Aug. 1940), The Human Torch #2 (premiering Fall 1940 with no cover date and having taken over the numbering from the unsuccessful Red Raven), and Captain America Comics #1 (March 1941). Going on sale in December 1940, a year before the bombing of Pearl Harbor, and already showing Cap socking Hitler in the jaw, that first issue sold nearly one million copies.

With the hit characters Human Torch and Sub-Mariner now joined by Simon & Kirby's seminal patriotic hero Captain America, Timely had its "big three" stars. Rival publishers National Comics / All-American Comics, the sister companies that would evolve into today's DC Comics, likewise would have their own "big three": Superman and Batman from National, plus the soon-to-debut Wonder Woman from All-American, where she would join the Flash, Green Lantern. Timely's other major competitors were Fawcett Publications (Captain Marvel, introduced Feb. 1940); Quality Comics (Plastic Man, Blackhawk, both Aug. 1941); and Lev Gleason Publications (Daredevil, Sept. 1940; unrelated to the 1960s Marvel hero).

Other notable Timely characters, many still seen both in modern-day retcon appearances and in flashbacks — include super-speedster the Whizzer; Miss America; the Destroyer; the Black Marvel; the original Vision, who inspired Marvel writer Roy Thomas in the 1960s to create a Silver Age Vision; and the Blazing Skull and the Thin Man, two members of the present-day New Invaders.

Just as Captain America had his teenage sidekick Bucky and DC Comics' Batman had Robin, the Human Torch acquired a young mutant partner, Toro, in the first issue of the Torch's own magazine. The Young Allies — one of several "kid gangs" popular in comics at the time — debuted under the rubric the Sentinels of Liberty in a text story in Captain America Comics #4 (June 1941) before making it to the comics pages themselves the following issue, and then eventually into their own title.

Seeing a natural "fire and water" theme, Timely was responsible for comic books' first major crossover, with a two-issue battle between the Human Torch and the Sub-Mariner that spanned Marvel Mystery Comics #8-9 — telling the story, Rashomon-style but years before Rashomon, from the two characters' different perspectives.

After the Simon & Kirby team moved to DC late 1941, having produced Captain America Comics through issue #10 (Jan. 1942), Al Avison and Syd Shores became regular pencilers of the celebrated title, with one generally inking over the other. Stan Lee (né Stanley Lieber), a cousin of Goodman's by marriage who had been serving as an assistant since 1939, at age 16 1/2, was promoted to interim editor just shy of his 19th birthday. Showing a knack for the business, Lee stayed on for decades, eventually becoming Marvel Comics' publisher in 1972. Fellow Timely staffer Vincent Fago would substitute during Lee's World War II military service.

The staff at that time, Fago recalled, was, "Mike Sekowsky. Ed Winiarski. Gary Keller was a production assistant and letterer. Ernest Hart and Kin Platt were writers, but they worked freelance; Hart also drew. George Klein, Syd Shores, Vince Alascia, Dave Gantz, and Chris Rule were there, too". ^*

Funny animals, and people

The superheroes were the products of what Timely referred to as the "adventure" bullpen. The company also developed an "animator" bullpen creating such movie tie-in and original funny animal comics as Terrytoons Comics, Mighty Mouse and Animated Funny Comic-Tunes. Former Fleischer Studios animator Fago, who joined Timely in 1942, headed this group, which consisted through the years of such writer/artists as Hart, Gantz, Klein, Platt, Rule, Sekowsky, Frank Carin (né Carino), Bob Deschamps, Chad Grothkopf, Pauline Loth, Jim Mooney, Moss Worthman a.k.a. Moe Worth, and future MAD Magazine cartoonists Dave Berg and Al Jaffee.

Features from this department include "Dinky" and "Frenchy Rabbit" in Terrytoons Comics; "Floop and Skilly Boo" in Comedy Comics; "Posty the Pelican Postman" in Krazy Komics and other titles; "Krazy Krow" in that character's epnoymous comic; and in various titles, "Tubby an' Tack" and "Ziggy Pig & Silly Seal".

In slightly more grownup fare, Timely in 1944 and '45 initiated a sitcomy selection of titles aimed at female readers: Millie the Model, Tessie the Typist and Nellie the Nurse. Timely also published one of humor cartoonist Basil Wolverton's best-known features, Powerhouse Pepper. The first issue, cover-dated Jan. 1943, bore no number, and protagonist Pepper looked different from his more familiar visualization (when the series returned for four issues, May-Nov. 1948) as the bullet-headed bozo in the striped turtleneck sweater.

Time after Timely

After the wartime boom years — when superheroes had been new and inspirational, and comics provided cheap entertainment for millions of children, soldiers and others — the post-war era found superheroes falling out of fashion. Television and mass market paperback books now also competed for readers and leisure time. Goodman began turning to a wider variety of genres than ever, emphasizing horror, Westerns, teen humor, crime and war comics, and introducing female heroes to try to attract girls and young women to read comics. In 1946, for instance, the superhero title All Select Comics was changed to Blonde Phantom Comics, and now starred a masked secretary who fought crime in an evening gown. That same year, Kid Komics eliminated its stars and became Kid Movie Comics. All Winners Comics became All Teen Comics in January 1947. Timely eliminated virtually all its staff positions in 1948.

The precise end-point of the Golden Age of comics is vague, but for Timely, at least, it appears to have ended with the cancelation of Captain America Comics at issue #75 (Feb. 1950) — by which time the series had already been Captain America's Weird Tales for two issues, with the finale featuring merely anthological horror/suspense tales and no superheroes. The company's flagship title, Marvel Mystery Comics, starring the Human Torch, had already ended its run (with #92, June 1949), as had Sub-Mariner Comics (with #32, the same month). Goodman began using the globe logo of Atlas, the newsstand-distribution company he owned, on comics cover-dated Nov. 1951.

List of selected Timely characters and creators

Name	Debut	Creators
Angel, The	Marvel Comics #1 (Nov. 1939)	Paul Gustavson (writer-artist)
Black Marvel, The	Mystic Comics #5 (March 1941)	Stan Lee (writer), Al Gabriele (penciller-inker)
Black Widow, The (Golden Age)	Mystic Comics #4 (Aug. 1940)	George Kapitan (writer), Harry Sahle (penciller-inker)
Blazing Skull, The	Mystic Comics #5 (March 1941)
Blonde Phantom, The	All Select Comics #11 (Fall 1946)	Stan Lee (writer), Syd Shores (penciller), Charles Nicholas (inker)
Blue Blaze, The	Mystic Comics #1 (March 1940)	Harry Douglas (writer-penciller-inker)
Blue Diamond, The	Daring Mystery Comics #7 (April 1941)	Ben Thompson (penciller-inker)
Captain America & Bucky	Captain America Comics #1 (March 1941)	Joe Simon (writer), Jack Kirby (penciller), Joe Simon and Al Liederman (inkers)
Captain Terror	USA Comics #2 (Nov. 1941)
Challenger, The	Daring Mystery Comics #7 (April 1941)
Citizen V	Daring Mystery Comics #8 (Jan. 1942)	Ben Thompson (penciller-inker)
Comet Pierce	Red Raven Comics #1 (Aug. 1940)	Jack Kirby (penciller)
Destroyer, The	Mystic Comics #6 (Oct. 1941)	Stan Lee (writer)
Fiery Mask, The	Daring Mystery Comics #1 (Jan. 1940)	Joe Simon (writer-penciller-inker)
Fighting Yank, The	Captain America Comics #17 (Aug. 1942)
Fin, The	Daring Mystery Comics #7 (April 1941)	Bill Everett (writer-penciller-inker)
Flexo the Rubber Man (Rubber robot, not stretching hero)	Mystic Comics #2 (April 1940)
Human Torch, The	Marvel Comics #1 (Nov. 1939)	Carl Burgos (writer-penciller-inker)
Hurricane, The	Captain America Comics #1 (March 1941)	Jack Kirby (penciller), Joe Simon (inker)
Jack Frost	USA Comics #1 (Aug. 1941)	Stan Lee (writer)
Ka-Zar (Golden Age)	Marvel Comics #1 (Nov. 1939)	Ben Thompson (writer-penciller-inker)
Major Liberty	USA Comics #1 (Aug. 1941)
Marvel Boy (I)	Daring Mystery Comics #6 (Sept. 1940)	Jack Kirby (penciller), Joe Simon and Al Avison (inkers)
Marvel Boy (II)	USA Comics #7 (Feb. 1943)	Bob Oksner (writer-penciller-inker)
Marvex the Super-Robot	Daring Mystery Comics #3 (April 1940)
Masked Raider, The	Marvel Comics #1 (Nov. 1939)	Al Anders (writer-penciller-inker)
Mercury	Red Raven Comics #1 (Aug. 1940)
Miss America	Marvel Mystery Comics #49 (Nov. 1943)	Otto Binder (writer), Al Gabriele (penciller)
Namora	Marvel Mystery Comics #82 (May 1947).
Patriot, The	Marvel Mystery Comics #21 (July 1941)
Red Raven	Red Raven Comics #1 (Aug. 1940)	Joe Simon (writer), Louis Cazeneuve (penciller)
Sub-Mariner, The	Marvel Comics #1 (Nov. 1939)	Bill Everett (writer-penciller-inker)
Sun Girl	Sun Girl #1 (Aug. 1948)
Thin Man, The	Mystic Comics #4 (July 1940)	Klaus Nordling (penciller-inker)
Thunderer, The	Daring Mystery Comics #7 (April 1941)
Vision, The (Golden Age)	Marvel Mystery Comics #13 (Nov. 1940)	Jack Kirby & Joe Simon (writers); Jack Kirby (penciller-inker)
Whizzer, The (Golden Age)	USA Comics #1 (Aug. 1941)	Stan Lee (writer), Al Avison (penciller), Al Gabriele (inker)
Witness, The	USA Comics #1 (Aug. 1941)	Stan Lee (writer)
Young Allies, The (Golden Age)	Young Allies Comics #1 (July 1941)	Jack Kirby (penciller), Syd Shores (inker)

References (online)

References (offline)

All in Color for a Dime by Dick Lupoff & Don Thompson ISBN 0873414985
The Comic Book Makers by Joe Simon with Jim Simon ISBN 1887591354
Excelsior! The Amazing Life of Stan Lee by Stan Lee and George Mair ISBN 0684873052
Marvel: Five Fabulous Decades of the World's Greatest Comics by Les Daniels ISBN 0810938219
Masters of Imagination: The Comic Book Artists Hall of Fame by Mike Benton ISBN 0878338594
The Official Overstreet Comic Book Price Guide by Robert Overstreet — Edition #35 ISBN 037572107X
Origins of Marvel Comics by Stan Lee ISBN 0785105794
The Steranko History of Comics, Vol. 1 & 2, by James Steranko — Vol. 1 ISBN 0517501880

Footnotes

Alter Ego #49, June 2005, Jim Amash interviews Susan Burgos, "The Privacy Act of Carl Burgos" (offline): Per researcher Keif Fromm, cited in caption, p. 4
Ibid.
Lee's account of how he began working for Timely has varied. He has said in lectures and elsewhere that he simply answered a newspaper ad seeking a publishing assistant, not knowing it involved comics, let alone Goodman. However, in his 2002 autobiography, Excelsior (cited above), Lee says:

"My uncle, Robbie Solomon, told me they might be able to use someone at a publishing company where he worked. The idea of being involved in publishing definitely appealed to me. ... So I contacted the man Robbie said did the hiring, Joe Simon, and applied for a job. He took me on and I began working as a gofer for eight dollars a week...."

Simon, in his 1990 The Comic Book Makers (cited above), gives the account slightly differently:

"One day sister's husband, known as Uncle Robbie came to work with a lanky 17-year-old in tow. 'This is Stanley Lieber, Martin's wife's cousin,' Uncle Robbie said. 'Martin wants you to keep him busy.'"

In an appendix, however, Simon appears to reconcile the two accounts. He relates a 1989 conversation with Lee:

Lee: I've been saying this story for years, but apparently it isn't so. And I can't remember because I['ve said it so long now that I believe it."
...
Simon: "Your Uncle Robbie brought you into the office one day and he said, 'This is Martin Goodman's wife's nephew.' ^* ... You were seventeen years old."

Lee: "Sixteen and a half!"

Simon: "Well, Stan, you told me seventeen. You were probably trying to be older.... I did hire you."

Credit per Lambiek Comiclopedia: Stan Lee ^*
Art credits per Grand Comics Database at ^*
Credits per Grand Comics Database at ^*
Credit per Roy Thomas in The Golden Age of Marvel Comics ISBN 07851056
The Hurricane and Mercury were revealed in retcon to be the same character, the Eternal named Makkari.
Credits per Greg Theakston at ^*

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