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Thomas Isidore Noël Sankara (born December 21, 1949 in Yako – died October 15, 1987 in Ouagadougou) was the leader of Burkina Faso (formerly known as Upper Volta) from 1983 to 1987. With a potent combination of personal charisma and Leninist social organization, his government undertook major initiatives to fight corruption and improve education, agriculture, and the status of women. His revolutionary program provoked strong opposition from traditional leaders and the country's numerically small but powerful middle class. Added to friction between radical and more conservative members of the ruling junta, these factors led to his downfall and assassination in a bloody coup d'état on October 15, 1987.
Early life
Born into a Roman Catholic family, "Thom'Sank" was a Silmi-Mossi, an ethnic group that originated with marriage between Mossi men and women of the pastoralist Fulani people, the Silmi-Mossi are among the least advantaged in the Mossi caste system. He attended primary school in Gaoua and high school in Bobo-Dioulasso, the country's second city.
His father, also a soldier, served in the French army during World War II and was detained by the Nazis. Sankara's family wanted him to become a Catholic priest. According to some sources, he never lost his Catholic faith despite his Marxist convictions. Fittingly for a country with a large Muslim population, he was also familiar with the Qur'an.
Military career
After basic military training in secondary school in 1966, Sankara began his military career at the age of 19, and a year later he was sent to Madagascar for officer training at Antsirabe where he witnessed popular uprisings in 1971 and 1972. Returning to Upper Volta in 1972, in 1974 he fought in a border war between Upper Volta and Mali.
He became a popular figure in the capital of Ouagadougou. The fact that he was a decent guitarist (he played in a band named “Tout-à-Coup Jazz”) and liked motorbikes may have contributed to his charisma.
In 1976 he became commander of the Commando Training Centre in Pô. In the same year he met Blaise Compaoré in Morocco. During the presidency of Colonel Saye Zerbo a group of young officers formed a secret organisation "Communist Officers' Group" (Regroupement des officiers communistes, or ROC) the best-known members being Henri Zongo, Jean-Baptiste Boukary Lingani, Compaoré and Sankara.
Government posts
Sankara was appointed Secretary of State for Information in the military government in September 1981, journeying to his first cabinet meeting on a bicycle, but he resigned on April 21, 1982 in opposition to what he saw as the regime's anti-labour drift, declaring "Misfortune to those who gag the people!" ("Malheur à ceux qui baillonnent le peuple!")
After another coup (November 7, 1982) brought to power Major-Doctor Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo, Sankara became prime minister in January 1983, but he was dismissed (May 17) and placed under house arrest after a visit by the French president's son and African affairs adviser Jean-Christophe Mitterrand. Henri Zongo and Jean-Baptiste Boukary Lingani were also placed under arrest; this caused a popular uprising.
President
A coup d'état organised by Blaise Compaoré made Sankara President on August 4(1), 1983, at the age of 33. The coup d'état was supported by Libya which was, at the time, on the verge of war with France in Chad(2) (see History of Chad).
Sankara saw himself as a revolutionary and was inspired by the examples of Cuba and Ghana's military leader, Flight Lt. Jerry Rawlings. As President, he promoted the "Democratic and Popular Revolution" (Révolution démocratique et populaire, or RDP).
The ideology of the Revolution was defined by Sankara as anti-imperialist in a speech of October 2, 1983, the Discours d'orientation politique (DOP), written by his close associate Valère Somé. His policy was oriented toward fighting corruption, promoting reforestation, averting famine, and making education and health real priorities.
Emasculation of chiefs
The government suppressed many of the powers held by tribal chiefs such as their right to receive tribute payment and obligatory labour. The CDRs (Comités de Défense de la Révolution), were formed as popular mass organizations and armed. In some areas they deteriorated into gangs of armed thugs. Sankara's governement also initiated a form of military conscription with the SERNAPO (Service National et Populaire). Both were a counterweight to the power of the army.
In 1984, on the first anniversary of his accession, he renamed the country Burkina Faso, meaning "the land of upright people" in Mossi and Dyula, the two major languages of the country. He also gave it a new flag and wrote a new national anthem (Une Seule Nuit).
Women's rights
Sankara's government included a large number of women. Improving women's status was one of Sankara's explicit goals, an unprecedented policy priority in West Africa. His government banned female circumcision, condemned polygamy, and promoted contraception. The Burkinabé government was also the first African government to publicly recognize that AIDS is a major threat to Africa.
Sankara had a high sense of advertising; he had some spectacular initiatives that contributed to his popularity and brought some attention from the international press on the Burkinabé revolution:
- He sold most of the government fleet of Mercedes cars and made the Renault 5 (the cheapest car sold in Burkina Faso at that time) the official service car of the ministers;
- He formed an all-women motorcycle personal guard.
- In Ouagadougou Sankara converted the army's provisioning store into a state-owned supermarket open to everyone (the first supermarket in the country).
Christmas war
In 1985 Burkina Faso organised a general population census. During the census some Fula camps in Mali were visited by mistake by Burkinabé census agents. On Christmas Day 1985, tensions with Mali erupted in a war that lasted five days and killed about 100 people (most victims were civilians killed by a bomb dropped on the marketplace in Ouahigouya by a Malian plane). The conflict is known as the "Christmas war" in Burkina Faso.
Assassination
On October 15, 1987 Sankara was killed with twelve other officials in a coup d'état organised by his former colleague Blaise Compaoré. Deterioration in relations with neighbouring countries was one of the reasons given by Compaoré for his action. After the coup and although Sankara was known to be dead, some CDRs mounted an armed resistance to the army for several days.
Sankara was quickly buried in an unmarked grave. A week prior to his death Sankara addressed people and said that "while revolutionaries as individuals can be murdered, you cannot kill ideas."
Notes :
- The date may have been chosen for a symbolic purpose as the 194th anniversary of the Abolition of Feudal Privileges in France, but there is no evidence.
- Chad was at war with Libya. France was providing air support to Chad. According to some witnesses some French troops were involved in ground operations.
Writings by Thomas Sankara
- L'émancipation des femmes et la lutte de libération de l'Afrique (Women's Liberation and the African Freedom Struggle), available in English, French and Spanish.
- We Are Heirs of the World's Revolutions, a 76-page pamphlet of Sankara's speeches
- Thomas Sankara Speaks, the Burkina Faso Revolution, 1983-87, a 338-page collection of Sankara's speeches,
Quotes
"In any case, I wish and we I'm convinced that the best way of limiting the usurpation of the capacity by a group of individuals, soldier or not, is initially in responsabilishing the people. Between fractions, between clans, one can perpetrate plots and coups d'état. Against the people, one cannot perpetrate a durable coup d'état. Consequently, the best way of avoiding than the army does not confiscate for it and only for it only the power, is to it right now share the power with the voltaic people. It is it towards that what we tend."
August, 21 1983 Press conference.
Source : http://www.thomassankara.net/article.php3?id_article=11
"It's very sad that there is observers which see the political events like comic strips. One needs Zorro, one needs a star. No, the problem of Upper Volta is more serious than that. That was a serious error to have sought man responsible at any expense, a star, until creating one of them, i.e. until allotting the paternity of the event to the Sankara captain who would have been the Brain etc."
August, 21 1983 Press conference.
Source : http://www.thomassankara.net/article.php3?id_article=11
This is the obscure parts of November 7 revealed. Mysteries still remain under the cover. The History will be able perhaps to speak at greater length and to locate the responsibilities about it more clearly.
August, 21 1983 Press conference.
Source : http://www.thomassankara.net/article.php3?id_article=11
As for our relationship with the political community, what relations would you have liked us to have had? We explained face to face, directly with the leaders, the former leaders of the old political parties because, for us, these parties do not exist any more, they were dissolved. And that is very clear. The relationship that we have with them is simply the relationship we have with voltaic citizens, or, if they want it, the relationship between revolutionaries, if they want to become revolutionaries. Apart from that, there remains nothing any more but the relationship between revolutionaries and counter-revolutionaries.
August, 21 1983 Press conference. Source : http://www.thomassankara.net/article.php3?id_article=11
I would like to leave behind me the conviction that if we maintain a certain amount of caution and organization we deserve victoryYou cannot carry out fundamental change without a certain amount of madness. In this case, it comes from nonconformity, the courage to turn your back on the old formulas, the courage to invent the future. It took the madmen of yesterday for us to be able to act with extreme clarity today. I want to be one of those madmen. [... We must dare to invent the future.
1985
Source: (Excerpt from interviews with Swiss Journalist Jean-Philippe Rapp, translated from _Sankara: Un nouveau pouvoir africain_ by Jean Ziegler. Lausanne, Switzerland: Editions Pierre-Marcel Favre, 1986. Used by permission in following source:) Sankara, Thomas. _Thomas Sankara Speaks: The Burkina Faso Revolution 1983-87_. trans. Samantha Anderson. New York: Pathfinder, 1988. pp. 141-144.
Writings about Thomas Sankara
- Biographie de Thomas Sankara : La Patrie ou la Mort..., de Bruno Jaffré ISBN : 2-7384-5836-X • 1997 268 pages
- Les années Sankara de la révolution à la Rectification, de Bruno Jaffré ISBN : 2-7384-5967-6 • 1989 new edition in 1997 336 pages
See also
History of Burkina Faso
External links
- http://www.mathaba.net/www/black/sankara.shtml
- Thomas Sankara WebSite
- http://www.afrik.com/article6258.html
- http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/200308041051.html
- http://www.togoforum.com/Ap/ap1015022.htm
1949 births | 1987 deaths | Assassinated politicians | Burkinabé politicians | Communists | Ouster by coup | Roman Catholics | Teetotalers
Thomas Sankara | Thomas Sankara | Thomas Sankara | Thomas Sankara | 토마스 상카라 | Thomas Sankara | Thomas Sankara | Thomas Sankara
"Thomas Sankara"