The Sweet Chestnut is a tree (Castanea sativa, family Fagaceae) native to southern Europe and Asia Minor. It is often a large tree attaining a height of 20-35 m with a trunk often 2 m in diameter. The oblong-lanceolate, boldly toothed leaves are 16-28 cm long and 5-9 cm broad.

The flowers of both sexes are borne in 10-20 cm long, upright catkins, the male flowers in the upper part and female flowers in the lower part. They appear in late June to July, and by autumn, the female flowers develop into spiny cupules containing 3-7 brownish nuts that are shed during October.

The bark often has an unmistakable, yet beautifully net-shaped (retiform) pattern, due to the fact that its deep furrows or fissures do not only run spirally in one direction up the trunk, they often do so in an opposite direction as well and when the two directions meet this criss-cross effect becomes distinctly visible. (See photo).

The tree requires a mild climate and adequate moisture for good growth and a good nut harvest. It is sensitive to late spring and early autumn frosts, and is intolerant of lime. Under forest conditions it will tolerate moderate shade well.

Uses

Sweet Chestnut is widely cultivated for its edible nuts. As early as Roman times it was introduced into more northerly regions, and later it was cultivated in monastery gardens by monks. Today, centuries-old specimens may be found in Great Britain and the whole of central and western Europe. The nuts, which are very tasty, are used by confectioners and are also eaten roasted. They are popular in France, Italy and particularly in Corsica. They may be roasted whole or ground to make flour. The Corsican variety of polenta (called pulenta) is made with sweet chestnut flour. A local variety of Corsican beer also uses chesnuts as one of its added ingredients. The durable wood is used to make furniture, barrels (sometimes used to age balsamic vinegar), fencing and roof beams in houses of the Alpujarra, Spain; due to its tendency to split and warp badly, it is not used in large pieces. The bark also provides tannin.

Image:Chataigne.jpg Image:Chestnuts02.jpg Image:Chestnut.jpg Image:Chestnuts on tree.jpg Image:Chestnut tree02.jpg Image:Castanea-sativa.JPG|Sweet Chestnut tree Image:Esskastanie_fg01.jpg|Middle Rhine Valley, Germany Image:Sweet chestnut DSCF0160.JPG|Retiform bark of a sweet chestnut Image:kew.gardens.sweet.chestnut.london.arp.jpg|Sweet Chestnut tree at Kew Gardens, London Image:Ancient coppice of a sweet chestnut DSCF0322.JPG|Ancient coppice of a sweet chestnut, Banstead Woods, Surrey Image:Copy of Sweet chestnut coppice DSCF0326.JPG|Sweet chestnut coppice as previous as seen from other side Image:Illustration Castanea sativa0.jpg|Sweet Chestnut, from Thomé, Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz, 1885 Image:Koeh-173.jpg

Fagaceae | Nuts and seeds

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