Stephenson's Rocket was an early steam locomotive of 0-2-2 wheel arrangement, built by George and Robert Stephenson in 1829.

A common misconception is that Rocket was the first steam locomotive. In fact the first steam locomotive to run on tracks was built by Richard Trevithick 25 years earlier, but was not financially successful. George Stephenson, as well as a number of other engineers, had built steam locomotives before. Rocket was in some ways an evolution, not a revolution.

Rocket's claim to fame is that it was the first 'modern' locomotive, introducing several innovations that have been used on almost every steam locomotive built since. In fact, the standard steam locomotive design is often called the "Stephensonian" locomotive. Rocket used a multi-tubular boiler, which made for much more efficient and effective heat transfer between the exhaust gases and the water. Previous boilers consisted of a single pipe surrounded by water. Rocket also used a blastpipe for the first time - using the blast of exhaust steam to induce a partial vacuum to pull air through the fire.

Nearly all steam locomotives built since have been based upon Rocket's basic design.

It was designed and built to compete in the Rainhill Trials, a competition to select the locomotive type for the Liverpool and Manchester Railway in October 1829. All the other competitors broke down so a true result is a bit hard to tell; however in winning, Rocket did fulfill the key requirement of the contest that a full simulated 50 mile (90-km) round trip under load be completed with satisfactory fuel consumption. The builders of Rocket had already built about 50 engines, and presumably were fairly good at doing this.

At the official opening of the railway almost a year later on 15 September 1830 the first run of Rocket was marred by the first railway casualty in history, with the accidental death of William Huskisson.

It was later used near Tindale village and used on Lord Carlisle's Railway. p 101. Rocket was donated to the Patent Museum in London in 1862 by the Thompsons of Milton Hall, near Brampton, in Cumbria.

It still exists, in the Science Museum, London, in much modified form compared to its state at the Rainhill Trials. The cylinders were altered to the horizontal position, compared to the slanted arrangement as new, and the locomotive was given a proper smokebox. Such are the changes in the engine from 1829 that The Engineer magazine, circa 1884, concluded that it seems to us indisputable that the Rocket of 1829 and 1830 were totally different engines.

The Replica

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In 1979 a replica Rocket was built by Locomotion Enterprises for the 150th anniversary celebrations. The main difference between the replica and the original is the shorter smoke stack of the replica, due to the increased trackbed height under the bridge at Rainhill. If it had the original height then the replica would have been unable to pass under the bridge.

External links

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• The Rocket as QT VR
• Making the Modern World gallery
• Stephenson's Rocket board game by Reiner Knizia
• The Engineer magazine splutters over the differences between the 1829 and 1830 Rocket, as reprinted in Scientific American Supplement, No. 460, October 25, 1884.
• ScaleModel.NET Gallery 1:26 Scale model of the Rocket.

Famous locomotives | 0-2-2 locomotives | English inventions | Rainhill Trials locomotives | History of Northumberland | Collections of the Science Museum (London)

The Rocket | Fusée de Stephenson | Locomotiva Rocket | ロケット号 | Rakieta (parowóz) | Stephenson Rocket