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Solovetsky Monastery (Соловецкий монастырь in Russian), was the greatest citadel of Christianity in the Russian North before being turned into a special Soviet prison and labor camp (1926-1939), which served as a prototype for the GULAG system. Situated on the Solovetsky Islands in the White Sea, the monastery braved many changes of fortune and military sieges. Its most important structures date from the 16th century, when Filip Kolychev was its hegumen.
History
Solovetsky Monastery was founded in the late 1420s by monks Gherman and Savvatiy of Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery. In the 15th and 16th centuries, the monastery quickly enlarged its estate, which was situated on the shores of the White Sea and the rivers falling into it. Solovetsky Monastery extended its producing and commercial activity, becoming an economic and political center of the White Sea region. Archmandrites of the monastery were appointed by the tsar himself and the patriarch. In 1765, Solovetsky Monastery became stauropegic (from Greek: stauros - cross, pegio - to affirm), i.e. it subordinated directly to the Synod.
Solovetsky Monastery's "business" activity included saltworks (in the 1660s, it owned 54 of them), seafood production, trapping, fishery, mica works, ironworks, pearl works etc., which had engaged many people dependent on the monastery.
By the 17th century, Solovetsky Monastery had already had some 350 monks, 600-700 servants, artisans and peasants. In the 1650s and 1660s, the monastery was one of the strongholds of the Raskol. The Solovetsky Monastery Uprising of 1668-1676 was aimed at Nikon's ecclesiastic reform and took on an anti-feudal nature.
Together with the Sumskoy and Kemsky stockades, Solovetsky Monastery represented an important frontier fortress with dozens of cannons and a strong garrison. In the 16th - 17th centuries, the monastery succeeded a number of times in repelling the attacks of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword and the Swedes (in 1571, 1582 and 1611). During the Crimean War, Solovetsky Monastery was attacked by three English ships. After 9 hours of shelling on the 6th and the 7th of July, the vessels left with nothing. Between the 16th and the early 20th centuries, the monastery was also a place of exile for the opponents of autocracy and official Orthodoxy and a center of christianization in the north of Russia. The monastery also had a huge depository of manuscripts and old books.
After the Bolshevik Revolution, the Soviet authorities closed down the monastery and incorporated many of the buildings into Solovki, one of the earliest forced-labor camps of the GULag during the 1920s and 1930s. The camp was mainly used for cutting trees, and when the trees were gone, the camp was closed. Before the Second World War, a sea cadet school was opened on the island.
Layout
The architectural ensemble of the Solovetsky Monastery is located on the shores of the Prosperity Bay (бухта Благополучия) on Solovetsky Island. The territory of the Solovetsky Monastery is surrounded by massive walls (height - 8 to 11 m, thickness - 4 to 6 m) with 7 gates and 8 towers (built in 1584-1594 by an architect named Trifon), made mainly of huge boulders up to 5 m in length. There are also cult edifices on the monastery's grounds (the principal ones are interconnected with roofed and arched passages), surrounded by multiple household buildings and living quarters, including a refectory (a 500 m² chamber) with the Uspensky Cathedral (built in 1552-1557), Preobrazhensky Cathedral (1556-1564), Church of Annunciation (1596—1601), stone chambers (1615), watermill (early 17th century), bell tower (1777), and Church of Nicholas (1834).
Today, the Solovetsky Monastery is a historical and architectural museum. It is one of the first Russian sites to have been inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage list. A small brothership of monks appeared in the monastery again and now it has about ten monks. During last several years the monastery was strongly repaired, but it is still under reconstruction.
External links
- Online museum
- Lots of information in Russian
- Official site of Solovetsky monastery
- Solovetsky Monastery in the 19th century Photo album at NYPL Digital Gallery
Monasteries in Russia | Prisons in Russia | Prison museums | Russian Orthodox monasteries | World Heritage Sites in Russia | 1429 establishments
"Solovetsky Monastery"