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The Sioux Wars were a series of conflicts between the United States and various subgroups of the Sioux people that occurred in the latter half of the 19th century. The earliest conflict came in 1854 when a fight broke out at Fort Laramie in Wyoming. Indian warriors killed 19 U.S. soldiers. {see Grattan Massacre}. The U.S. exacted revenge the next year by killing approximately 100 Sioux in Nebraska.
Sioux Uprising (1862)
A small conflict broke out in 1857 in Spirit Lake, Iowa, although it took several more years before a major eruption of violence would occur. Following food shortages in 1862, eastern Dakota bands began fighting with settlers in southwest Minnesota in what is popularly called the Sioux Uprising. Hundreds died in clashes, and thirty-eight Dakota men were hanged after it ended. Most of the Dakota people in Minnesota were rounded up and shipped west to Crow Creek Indian Reservation the next year. The largest single massacre in American history happened during this uprising as Santee Sioux murdered mostly unarmed European immigrant farmers in Minnesota, such that Abraham Lincoln estimated that upwards of 1,000 white men, women, and children civilians were killed by Santee Sioux. This was at a time of peace with the Santee then living on reservations, whereas many Minnesota soldiers were in the South fighting in the Civil War. As there had been an extended period of peace in Minnesota, there was not even a consideration of danger to the civilian farming families of Whites in Minnesota. The death toll to these people was several times that of the Sioux in the much better known battle at Wounded Knee in 1890.
Red Cloud's War (1866–1868)
Red Cloud's War began in August 1865 when the U.S. military marched soldiers into the Powder River country of the Teton Sioux and their Cheyenne and Arapaho allies. The troops built roads and forts and began hunting Native Americans. The Sioux and their allies had seen the military take the Southern Cheyennes’ Colorado lands from them through unprovoked attacks on their villages at Sand Creek and the Washita River. But the Sioux were the most powerful tribe in the West and were determined to defend their lands.
The Sioux and their allies, led by Red Cloud, a chief of the Oglala Sioux, attacked soldiers on the march and in their forts. On 21 December 1866, Crazy Horse, also an Oglala Sioux, created a decoy that led the soldiers of Fort Kearny into an ambush by 2000 of Red Cloud’s warriors. Every soldier was killed. Through his military defense and persistent refusal to sign a treaty until the forts were removed, Red Cloud forced the U.S. military out of the Powder River country in the summer of 1868.
Black Hills War (1876–1877)
By 1874, however, gold-hungry miners were making inroads into the Sioux’s Black Hills, and the military followed. This time, Sitting Bull of the Hunkpapa Sioux and Crazy Horse of the Oglalas led a resistance. The Sioux and their allies refused to give up their lands in a treaty, so the military ordered all Native Americans in the area to come to the agency or be killed. Many did not comply, and on 17 March 1876, General Crook attacked Two Moon’s Northern Cheyenne and Oglala village and then went after Crazy Horse’s and Sitting Bull’s people. The Sioux were alerted, and on 17 June, Crazy Horse and his warriors attacked Crook’s camp on the Rosebud River. General George Custer’s 7th cavalry, unaware of Crook's defeat, attacked the Sioux camp on the Greasy Grass River (Little Bighorn River) on 25 June. But the Sioux, led by Crazy Horse, defended their camp, killing Custer and all of his men.
Despite the victory at the Little Bighorn, the U.S. intimidated Red Cloud and others into signing a treaty giving up the Black Hills and Powder River country. At the same time, the military continued to hunt the resistant Sioux and their allies, attacking American Horse’s village, as well as Dull Knife’s. By 1877, Sitting Bull was tired of running and took his people to Canada, while Crazy Horse and his people, also tired, hungry, and out of ammunition, finally surrendered at Fort Robinson. On 5 September 1877, Crazy Horse was killed when reservation police tried to imprison him after a misunderstanding had caused him to flee the reservation.
Pine Ridge Campaign (1890–1891)
From November, 1890 to January, 1891 a number of unresolved grievances led to the last major conflict with the Sioux. A lopsided engagement that involved almost half the infantry and cavalry of the Regular Army caused the surviving warriors to lay down their arms and retreat to their reservations.
Wounded Knee Massacre (1890)
That fall, the Sioux were moved to a large reservation in the Dakota Territory, but the government pressured them to sign a treaty giving up much of their land. Sitting Bull had returned from Canada and held together the Sioux resistance for a few years. But in the summer of 1889, the reservation agent, James McLaughlin, was able to secure the Sioux’s signatures by keeping the final treaty council a secret from Sitting Bull. The treaty broke up their 35,000 acres (142 km²) into six small reservations.In October 1890, Kicking Bear and Short Bull brought the Sioux one last hope of resistance. They taught them the Ghost Dance, something they had learned from a Paiute medicine man. He told them that in the spring, the earth would be covered with a new layer of soil that would bury the white men while the Native Americans who did the Ghost Dance would be suspended in the air. The grass and the buffalo would return, along with the ghosts of their dead ancestors. The Ghost Dance movement spread across western reservations. The U.S. government considered it a threat and sent out its military.
On the Sioux reservations, McLaughlin had Kicking Bear arrested, while Sitting Bull’s arrest on 15 December 1890, resulted in a struggle between reservation police and Ghost Dancers in which Sitting Bull was killed. Two weeks later, the military intercepted Big Foot’s band of Ghost Dancers. They were Minneconjou Sioux, mostly women who had lost husbands and other male relatives in the wars with the U.S. military. When Colonel Forsyth tried to disarm the last Minneconjou of his rifle, a shot broke out and the surrounding soldiers opened fire. Hotchkiss guns shredded the camp on Wounded Knee Creek, killing, according to one estimate, 300 of 350 men, women, and children.
See also
Resources
- Lavender, David. The Rockies. Revised Edition. N.Y.: Harper & Row, 1975.
- Limerick, Patricia Nelson. The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West. N.Y.: W.W. Norton, 1987.
- Smith, Duane A. Rocky Mountain West: Colorado, Wyoming, & Montana, 1859-1915. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1992.
- Williams, Albert N. Rocky Mountain Country. N.Y.: Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1950.
External link
History of the American West | Native American wars | George Armstrong Custer | Sioux
"Sioux Wars"