Scientologists draw a distinction between the Church of Scientology and the beliefs and rituals of Scientology, pointing out that just as untoward behavior by the Vatican does not invalidate Catholic dogma, allegations against managers of the Church of Scientology should not taint the entire subject of Scientology. Indeed, there are those who practice a brand of Scientology entirely outside the Church of Scientology (they affiliate under the name Free Zone), although the Church considers this an illegal use of Scientology materials. In the case of Scientology, however, boundaries between the organization and the religion are often unclear. Some of the issues below relate to actions of Church leaders, some to L. Ron Hubbard's private behavior, and some to Hubbard's writings, which are the sacred texts of Scientology.
Related material is available in several other articles, including L. Ron Hubbard, Scientology beliefs and practices, Church of Scientology, Scientology and the legal system, and Scientology and psychiatry.
The Church of Scientology has a history of dealing forcefully with critics and perceived enemies (which the organization calls "suppressive persons").
Unlike other religious organizations, the Church maintains strict control over the use of its symbols, names and religious texts. It holds copyright and trademark ownership over its cross and has taken legal action against individuals and organizations who have quoted short paragraphs of Scientology texts in print or on Web sites, in some cases asserting their scriptures constitute "trade secrets." Individuals or groups who practice Scientology without affiliation with the Church have been sued for violation of copyright and trademark law.
One example cited by critics is a 1995 lawsuit against the Washington Post newspaper et al. The Religious Technology Center (RTC), the corporation that controls Hubbard's copyrighted materials, sued to prevent a Post reporter from describing church teachings at the center of another lawsuit, claiming copyright infringement, trade secret misappropriation, and that the circulation of their "advanced technology" teachings would cause "devastating, cataclysmic spiritual harm" to those not prepared. In her judgement in favor of the Post, Judge Leonie Brinkema noted:
Scientology is reputed for its hostile actions towards anyone that criticizes it in a public forum; church executives have proclaimed that it is "not a turn-the-other-cheek religion." Journalists, politicians, former Scientologists and various anti-cult groups have made accusations of wrongdoing against Scientology since the 1960s, and almost without exception these critics have been targeted for retaliation by Scientology, in the form of lawsuits and public counter-accusations of personal wrongdoing. Many of Scientology's critics have also reported they were subject to threats and harassment in their private life.
The organization's actions reflect a formal policy for dealing with criticism instituted by L. Ron Hubbard, called "attack the attacker." This policy was codified by Hubbard in the latter half of the 1960s, in response to government investigations into the organization. In 1966, Hubbard wrote a criticism of the organization's behavior and noted the "correct procedure" for attacking enemies of Scientology:
Hubbard detailed his rules for attacking critics in a number of policy letters, including one often quoted by critics as "the Fair Game policy." This allowed that those who had been declared enemies of the Church, called "suppressive persons" or simply "SP," "May be deprived of property or injured by any means... May be tricked, sued or lied to or destroyed." (taken from HCOPL 18 Oct 67 Issue IV, Penalties for Lower Conditions )
The foresaid policy was cancelled and replaced by HCOPL 21 July 68, Penalties for Lower Conditions. HCO Policy Letter Subject Index, page 215, issued 1976 The wordings "May be deprived of property or injured by any means... May be tricked, sued or lied to or destroyed." are not found in this reference. Enquiry into the Practice and Effects of Scientology: Report by Sir John Foster, K.B.E., Q.C., M.P. - Published by Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, December 1971, Chapter 7 (also referred to as the Foster Report) Scientology critics however claim that only the term but not the practice was removed. Referred is to the later issued "HCO Policy Letter of 21 October 1968" which says: "The practice of declaring people FAIR GAME will cease. FAIR GAME may not appear on any Ethics Order. It causes bad public relations. This P/L does not cancel any policy on the treatment or handling of an SP." L. Ron Hubbard. Organization Executive Course -- An Encyclopedia of Scientology Policy, vol. 1, p. 429, as cited in
According to a book by Omar Garrison, HCOPL Mar 7 1969 was created, under pressure by the government of New Zealand. Garrison quotes from the HCOPL, "We are going in the direction of mild ethics and involvement with the Society". Garrison then states, "It was partly on the basis of these policy reforms that the New Zealand Commission of Inquiry recommended that no legislative action be taken against Scientology." Garrison, Omar PLAYING DIRTY The Secret War Against Beliefs Ralton-Pilot, Los Angeles, 1980 pg 172-173 ISBN 0-931116-04-X The source of Omar Garrison for this is most likely the Dumbleton-Powles Report, additional data and quotations are found in this report. The Commission of Inquiry Into the Hubbard Scientology Organisation in New Zealand; Chairman: Sir Guy Richardson Powles, K.B.E., C.M.G.; Member: E. V. Dumbleton, Esquire, June 1969, page 26 The HCO Policy Letter Subject Index (1976) lists on page 211 the entry HCO PL 7 March 1969 Organization, although no copy is found in the HCO PL compilation volumes from that time
However, in 1977, top officials of Scientology's "Guardian's Office," an internal security force run by Hubbard's wife, Mary Sue Hubbard, did admit that fair game was policy in the GO. (Us vs Kember, Budlong Sentencing Memorandum - Undated, 1981).
In separate cases in 1979 and 1984, attorneys for Scientology argued that the Fair Game policy was in fact a core belief of Scientology and as such deserved protection as religious expression.
In the 1970s, Hubbard continued to codify the policy of "attacking the attacker" and assigned a term to it that is used frequently within Scientology: "dead agenting." Used as a verb, "dead agenting" is described by Hubbard as a technique for countering negative or false accusations against Scientology by diverting the critical statements and making counter-accusations against the accuser (in other words, "attack the attacker"). Hubbard defined the PR (public relations) policy on "dead agenting" in a 1974 bulletin:
Critics of Scientology state that "dead agenting" is commonly used on the newsgroup alt.religion.scientology to discredit and slander them. The Scientology-sponsored website * Wachter paid an individual to carry out a specific project for her, and also instructed this individual to lie about what he was doing in case he was caught"). The "Religious Freedom Watch" site is often cited by alt.religion.scientology users as a contemporary example of "dead agenting."
Dead agenting has also been carried out by flyer campaigns against some critics. Bonnie Woods, an ex-member who began counselling people involved with Scientology and their families, became a target along with her husband in 1993 when the Church of Scientology started a leaflet operation denouncing her as a "hate campaigner" with demonstrators outside their home and around East Grinstead. After a long battle of libel suits, in 1999 the church agreed to issue an apology Church of Scientology apology to Bonnie Woods from the Church of Scientology and other defendants, 8 June, 1999. and pay £55,000 damages and £100,000 costs to the Woods.Stars' cult pays out £155,000 over hate campaign, Richard Palmer, The Express, 8 June, 1999.Scientologists pay for libel, Clare Dyer, The Guardian, 9 June, 1999. Other critics have reported similar incidents.
Much of the controversy surrounding Scientology is reflected in the long list of legal incidents associated with the organization, including the criminal conviction of core members of the Scientology organization.
In 1978, a number of Scientologists including L. Ron Hubbard's wife Mary Sue Hubbard (who was second in command in the organization at the time) were convicted of perpetrating the largest incident of domestic espionage in the history of the United States. Called "Operation Snow White" within the Church, this involved infiltrating, wiretapping, and stealing documents from the offices of Federal attorneys and the Internal Revenue Service. The judge who convicted Mrs. Hubbard and ten accomplices decried their attempt to plead freedom of religion in defense:
Eleven church staff, including Mary Sue Hubbard and other highly placed officials, pleaded guilty or were convicted in federal court based on evidence seized in the raids, and received sentences from two to six years (some suspended).
There is disagreement over the extent to which the illegal activities had been sanctioned by the Church. The Church of Scientology claims that a "rogue" branch of the church was responsible, and that group was shut down when their abuses came to light, and responsible staff members were expelled or sanctioned. Some observers believe that the reorganization was simply an internal coup by one church faction to eliminate the power of a rival faction, which did nothing to change the Church's ethical standards. Former members allege that illegal operations were conducted after the arrests, even that they are ongoing today, a charge that is vigorously denied by the Church.
Other noteworthy incidents involving criminal accusations against the Church of Scientology include:
In Belgium, after a judicial investigation since 1997, a trial against the organisation is due to begin in 2006. Charges include formation of a criminal organisation, the unlawful excercise of medicine, and fraud. **
Over the years, the Church of Scientology has been accused of culpability in the death of several of its members.
The most widely publicized such case involved the 1995 death of 36-year-old Lisa McPherson, while in the care of scientologists at the Scientology-owned Fort Harrison Hotel, in Clearwater, Florida. Having experienced symptoms usually associated with mental illness (such as removing all of her clothes at the scene of a minor traffic accident), the Church intervened to prevent McPherson from receiving psychiatric treatment, and to return her to the custody of the Church of Scientology. Records show that she was then placed in isolation as part of a Scientology program known as the Introspection Rundown. Days later, she was pronounced dead on arrival at a hospital, exhibiting signs of severe dehydration.
Criminal charges were filed against the Church of Scientology by Florida authorities. The Church of Scientology denied any responsibility for McPherson's death and they vigorously contested the charges; the prosecuting attorneys ultimately dropped the criminal case. After four years, a $100 million civil lawsuit filed by Lisa McPherson's family was settled in 2004. The terms of the settlement were sealed by the court.
The suit resulted in an injunction against the distribution of a film critical of Scientology, The Profit, which the Church claimed was meant to influence the jury pool.
One alleged example of the Church's brainwashing tactics is the Rehabilitation Project Force, to which church staff are assigned to work off alleged wrongdoings under conditions that many critics characterize as degrading. Some of these allegations are presented in Stephen Kent's Brainwashing in Scientology's Rehabilitation Project Force (RPF). Articles which claim to rebutt those charges include Juha Pentikäinen's The Church of Scientology's Rehabilitation Project Force and J. Gordon Melton's A Contemporary Ordered Religious Community: The Sea Organization.
The disconnection policy is claimed by critics to be further evidence that the Church is a cult. By making its members entirely dependent upon a social network entirely within the organization, critics assert, Scientologists are not merely kept from exposure to critical perspectives on the church, they are also put in a situation that makes it extremely difficult for members to leave the church, since apostates will be shunned by the Church, and have already been cut off from family and friends.
The Church of Scientology acknowledges that its members are strongly discouraged from associating with "enemies of Scientology", and likens the disconnection policy to the practice of shunning in other religions, including the Jehovah's Witnesses and the Amish.
The nature of Scientology is hotly debated in many countries. In two countries, it has stood the test of courts of law and public scrutiny. The Church of Scientology pursues an extensive public relations campaign arguing that Scientology is a bona fide religion. The organization cites a number of studies and experts who support their position, many of which can be found at the Web site bonafidescientology.org. Critics contend that most cited studies were commissioned by Scientology to produce the desired results.
Many governments (including Belgium, Russia, Greece, France, Germany and Spain) reject the Church of Scientology's claims to be a legitimate religious organization; it has been variously judged to be a commercial enterprise or a dangerous cult (see the list of alleged cults).
Scientology is, however, legally accepted as a religion in the United States and Australia, and enjoys the constitutional protections afforded to religious practice in each country. In October of 1993 the U.S Internal Revenue Service recognized the Church as an "organization operated exclusively for religious and charitable purposes." The Church offers the tax exemption as proof that it is a religion. (This subject is examined in the article on the Church of Scientology).
In 1982, the High Court of Australia ruled that the State Government of Victoria lacked the right to declare that the Church of Scientology was not a religion (Church of the New Faith v. Commissioner Of Pay-roll Tax (Vict.) 1983, 154 CLR 120). The Court found the issue of belief to be the central feature of religion, regardless of the presence of charlatanism: ''"Charlatanism is a necessary price of religious freedom, and if a self-proclaimed teacher persuades others to believe in a religion which he propounds, lack of sincerity or integrity on his part is not incompatible with the religious character of the beliefs, practices and observances accepted by his followers."'
The country to take the strongest stance against the organization is Germany. The Church of Scientology has waged a far-reaching public relations campaign to convince the world that Scientologists are persecuted regularly in Germany. The Church of Scientology has taken out full-page ads in the New York Times accusing the German government of persecuting Scientologists in Europe; while they have made repeated requests to the United Nations to have resolutions passed condemning the discrimination against Scientologists in Germany. Germany, in turn, classifies the Church of Scientology as a dangerous practice and a "sect," and it has placed the organization under surveillance for alleged criminal activities.
While the often-cited rumor that Hubbard made a bar bet with Robert A. Heinlein that he could start a cult is almost certainly false, others have claimed direct knowledge that during 1949 Hubbard did make statements to other people that starting a religion would be a good way to make money.
Writer and publisher Lloyd Arthur Eshbach, for example, reported Hubbard saying "I'd like to start a religion. That's where the money is." Writer Theodore Sturgeon reported that Hubbard made a similar statement at the Los Angeles Science Fantasy Society. Likewise, writer Sam Moskowitz reported in an affidavit that during an Eastern Science Fiction Association meeting, Hubbard had said "You don't get rich writing science fiction. If you want to get rich, you start a religion."
According to The Visual Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, ed. Brian Ash, Harmony Books, 1977:
The Church of Scientology denies that Hubbard ever made any such statement, and has sued at least one publisher, the German magazine Stern, for publishing claims that he did (Stern won the lawsuit).
The following letter, written by L. Ron Hubbard, was discovered by the FBI during its raid on Scientology headquarters. The letter shows Hubbard turned Scientology into a "religion" for financial reasons:
DEAR HELEN
The arrangements that have been made seem a good temporary measure. On a longer look, however, something more equitable will
have to be organized. I am not quite sure what we would call the place - probably not a clinic - but I am sure that it ought to be a
company, independent of the HAS but fed by the HAS. We don't want a clinic. We want one in operation but not in name. Perhaps we could call it a Spiritual Guidance Center. Think up its name, will you. And we could put in nice desks and our boys in neat blue with diplomas on the walls and 1. knock psychotherapy into history and 2. make enough money to shine up my operating scope and 3. keep the HAS solvent. It is a problem of practical business. I await your reaction on the religion angle. In my opinion, we couldn't get worse public opinion than we have had or have less customers with what we've got to sell. A religious charter would be necessary in Pennsylvania or NJ to make it stick. But I sure could make it stick. We're treating the present time beingness, psychotherapy treats the past and the brain. And brother, that's religion, not mental science. Best Regards, Ron
(1953)
An article of Prof. Benjamin Beith-Hallahmi documents the secular aspects of Scientology from Scientology's own writings. Marburg Journal of Religion - Scientology: Religion or Racket?
Scientology's response to accusations of criminal behavior has been twofold; the church is under attack by an organized conspiracy, and each of the church's critics is hiding a private criminal past. In the first instance, the Church of Scientology has repeatedly stated that it is engaged in an ongoing battle against a massive, worldwide conspiracy whose sole purpose is to "destroy the Scientology religion." Thus, aggressive measures and legal actions are the only way the church has been able to survive in a hostile environment; they sometimes liken themselves to the early Mormons who took up arms and organized militia to defend themselves from persecution.
The church asserts that the core of the organized anti-Scientology movement is the psychiatric profession, in league with deprogrammers and certain government bodies (including elements within the FBI and the government of Germany *). These conspirators have allegedly attacked Scientology since the earliest days of the church, with the shared goal of creating a docile, mind controlled population. As an official Scientology website explains:
On the other hand, L. Ron Hubbard proclaimed that the only reason anyone would attack Scientology is because that person or entity is a "criminal." Hubbard wrote on numerous occasions that all of Scientology's opponents are seeking to hide their own criminal histories, and the proper course of action to stop these attacks is to "expose" the hidden crimes of the attackers. The Church of Scientology does not deny that it vigorously seeks to "expose" its critics and enemies; it maintains that all of its critics have criminal histories, and they encourage hatred and "bigotry" against Scientology. Hubbard's belief that all critics of Scientology are criminals was summarized in a policy letter written in 1967:
Scientology claims that it continues to expand and prosper despite all efforts to prevent it from growing; critics claim that the Church's own statistics contradict its story of continuing growth *.
The Church of Scientology has published a number of responses to criticism, including *Those Who Oppose Scientology, available online.
Analyses of Scientology's counter-accusations and actions against its critics are available on a number of websites, including the critical archive Operation Clambake.
The following is a selection of quotations from L. Ron Hubbard that are frequently cited by critics of Scientology as proof of the organization's alleged hypocrisy and true intent. While not denying Hubbard as the true author of these quotes, the Church of Scientology vehemently insists these quotes are being taken out of context, and that critics are misstating their actual intent. Critics, however, note that Scientology has been reluctant to explain these quotes in a manner so that they are not taken out of context.
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It uses material from the
"Scientology controversy".
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