Scandinavian Peninsula

The Scandinavian Peninsula is in northeastern Europe, consisting principally of the mainland territories of Norway and Sweden. The name Scandinavian is derived from Scania, a region at the southernmost extremity of the peninsula. A small section of northwestern Finland is also on the peninsula and on its isthmus. The peninsula extends from Russia and Finland in the northeast toward Denmark and Germany to the south and southwest.

Geography

The Scandinavian peninsula is approximately 1,850 kilometers (1,150 miles) long and between approximately 370–805 km (230-500 mi) wide. It has an overall area of approximately 777,000 km² (300,000 sq mi).

The Scandinavian mountain range generally defines the borders between the three countries, although it also continues into the central parts of southern Norway. The peninsula is bordered by several bodies of water including:

the Baltic Sea (including the Gulf of Bothnia) to the east, with the autonomous Åland islands between SwedenNordic FAQ Geography of Sweden and Finland, and Gotland.
the North Sea (including the Kattegat and Skagerrak) to the west and southwest
the Norwegian Sea to the west
the Barents Sea to the north

Its highest elevation was Glittertinden in Norway at 2,470 m (8,104 ft) above sea level, but since the glacier at its summit partially melted , the highest elevation is at 2,469 m (8,101 ft) at Galdhøpiggen, also in Norway. These mountains also house the largest glacier on mainland Europe, in Jostedalsbreen. About one quarter of the peninsula lies north of the Arctic Circle, with the northernmost point at Cape Nordkyn. The climate across the peninsula varies from tundra (Köppen: ET) and subarctic (Dfc) in the north, with cool marine west coast climate (Cfc) in northwestern coastal areas reaching just north of Lofoten, to humid continental (Dfb) in the central portion, and to marine west coast (Cfb) in the south and southwest Glossary of American climate terminology in terms of Köppens classification. The region is rich in timber, iron and copper with the best farmland in southern Sweden. Large petroleum and natural-gas deposits have been found off Norway's coast in the North Sea and the Atlantic Ocean.

Much of the population is concentrated in the southern part of the peninsula; Stockholm and Göteborg, both in Sweden, and Oslo in Norway are the largest cities.

Geology

The Scandinavian peninsula occupies part of the Baltic Shield, a stable and large crust segment formed of very old, metamorphic crystalline rocks. Most of the soil covering this substrate was scraped by glaciers during continental glaciation, specially in the northern part, where the shield is nearest the surface. As a cosequence of this scouring, the elevation and the climate, a very small percentage of land is arable (3% in Norway)Hobbs, Joseph J. and Salter, Christopher L.Essentials Of World Regional Geography,p. 108.Thomson Brooks/Cole.2005.ISBN 0534466001. The glaciers also deepened river valleys, which were invaded by the sea when the ice melted, creating the famous fjords. In the south the glaciers deposited many sedimental deposits, configuring a very chaotic landscape.Ostergren, Robert C., Rice, John G. The Europeans. Guilford Press. 2004.ISBN 0898622727

Altought the Baltic Shield is largely stable and resistant to the influences of other neighboring tectonic formations, the weight of nearly four kilometers of ice sheet caused the terrain to sink down. When the ice sheet disappeared, the shield tended to arose again, a tendency that continues to this day at a rate of about 1 meter per century. Conversely, the south part has tended to sink down to compensate, causing the flooding of the Low Countries and Denmark.

The crystalline substrate and absence of soil exposes mineral deposits of metals, like iron, copper, nickel, zinc, silver and gold.

People

The first recorded human presence in the southern area of the peninsula and Denmark dates from 12,000 years agoTilley, Christopher Y. Ethnography of the Neolithic: Early Prehistoric Societies in Southern Scandinavia, p. 9, Cambridge University Press. 2003. ISBN 0521568218. As the ice sheets from the glaciation retreated, the climate allowed a tundra biome that attracted reindeer hunters. The climate warmed gradually up, favoring the growth of perennial trees first, and then decidous forest which brought animals like aurochs. Groups of hunters-fishers-gatherers started to inhabit the area since the Mesolithic (8200 BC), up to the advent of agriculture in the Neolithic (3200 BC).

The northern part of the peninsula is partially inhabited by the Sami, often referred to as "Lapps" or "Laplanders". In the earliest recorded periods they occupied the arctic and subarctic regions as well as the central part of the peninsula as far south as Dalarna, Sweden. They speak the Sami language, a non-Indo-European language of the Finno-Ugric family, which is related to Finnish and Estonian. The other inhabitants of the peninsula, according to ninth century records, were the Norwegians on the west coast of Norway, the Danes in what is now southern and western Sweden and southeastern Norway, the Svear in the region around Mälaren as well as a large portion of the present day eastern seacoast of Sweden and the Götar in Västergötland and Östergötland. These peoples spoke closely related dialects of an Indo-European language, Old Norse. Although political boundaries have shifted, these peoples still are the dominant populations in the peninsula in the early 21st century.

Political Development

Although the Nordic countries (except Finland) look back on more than 1000 years of history as distinct political entities, the international boundaries came late and emerged gradually. It was not until the middle of the middle of 17th century that Sweden secured an outlet on the Kattegat and control of the south Baltic coast. The Swedish and Norwegian boundaries were finally agreed to and marked out in 1751. The Finnish and Norwegian border on the peninsula was established after extensive negotiation in 1809, and the common Norwegian-Russian districts were not partitioned until 1826. Even then the borders were still fluid, with Finland gaining access to the Barents Sea in 1920, but ceding this territory to Russia in 1944.

References

Peninsulas | Scandinavia | Geography of Europe

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Geography

Geology

People

Political Development

See also

References