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Rosalind Elsie Franklin (25 July, 1920 – 16 April, 1958) was a British physical chemist and crystallographer who made important contributions to the understanding of the fine structures of DNA, viruses, coal and graphite.Rosalind Franklin is best known for her contribution to the discovery of the structure of DNA in 1953. She died in 1958 of cancer of the ovary, she was 37 years old.

Background

Franklin was born in London into an affluent and influential British-Jewish family.Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, p. 3 Her great uncle was Herbert Samuel Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, p. 7 (later Viscount Samuel) who was the first practicing Jew to serve in the British Cabinet, as Home Secretary in 1916. He was also the first High Commissioner (effectively governor) for the British Mandate of Palestine. Her aunt Helen was married to Norman Bentwich who was Attorney General in the British Mandate of PalestineSegev, Tom (2000): One Palestine, Complete, (ISBN 034911286X). Abacus History. and was active in trade union organization and women's suffrage, she was later a member of the London County Council.Rosalind Franklin and DNA, p. 31Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, p. 40 Rosalind's uncle Hugh Franklin was also a supporter of women's suffrage, and spent six weeks in prison in 1910 for attacking Winston Churchill with a dog whip because of Churchill's oppostion to this cause.Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, p. 28 Rosalind Franklin was educated at St Paul's Girls' SchoolRosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, p. 25Rosalind Franklin and DNA, p. 41 where she excelled in biologyRosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, p. 30 and sport.Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, p. 26 Her family were actively involved with a Working Men's College, where Ellis Franklin, her father, taught electricity, magnetism and the history of the Great War in the evenings and later became vice principal.Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, p. 20Rosalind Franklin and DNA, p. 35 Later they helped settle Jewish refugees from Europe who had escaped the Nazis.

Education and career

University education and work at British Coal Utilisation Research Association

In the Summer of 1938 Franklin went to Newnham College, Cambridge.Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, p. 40Rosalind Franklin and DNA p. 47 She passed her finals in 1941,Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, p. 67 but was only awarded a decree titular, women were not entitled to degrees (BA Cantab.) from Cambridge at the time.Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, p.44Rosalind Franklin and DNA p. 50 She worked for Ronald Norish between 1941 and 1942.Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, p. 70Rosalind Franklin and DNA p. 57 Because of her desire to do war workRosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, p. 79 during World War II, she worked at the British Coal Utilisation Research Association in Kingston-upon-Thames from August 1942, studying the porosity of coal.Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, p. 78 Her work helped spark the idea of high-strength carbon fibres and was the basis of her doctoral degree "The physical chemistry of solid organic colloids with special reference to coal and related materials" that she earned in 1945.Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, p. 82

Work at Laboratoire central des services chimiques de l'État

After the war ended Franklin accepted an offer to work in Paris with Jaques Mering.Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, page 87 She learned x-ray diffraction techniques during her three years at the Laboratoire central des services chimiques de l'État.Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, p. 88 She seemed to have been very happy there Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, p. 92 and earned an international reputation based on her published research about the structure of coal. R. E. Franklin: "Influence of the bonding electrons on the scattering of X-rays by carbon", Nature (1950) volume 165 page 71 In 1950 she sought work in England.Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, p. 108 and in June 1950 she was appointed to a position at King's College London.Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, p. 111

Work at King's College London

Franklin started working as a research associate at King's College London in the Medical Research Council's (MRC) Biophysics Unit, directed by John Randall, at the beginning of January 1951.Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, p. 124 Originally to have worked on x-ray diffraction of proteins in solution, her work was redirected to DNA fibres before she started working at King's.Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, p. 114The Third Man of the Double Helix, pp. 143-144 Maurice Wilkins and Raymond Gosling had been carrying out x-ray diffraction analysis of DNA in the Unit since 1950. The Third Man of the Double Helix, p. 121

Franklin, working with her student Raymond Gosling Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, p. 129 started to apply the expertise she had gained in x-ray diffraction techniques to the structure of DNA. They discovered that there were two forms of DNA, at high humidity (when wet) the DNA fibre became long and thin, when it was dried it became short and fat.Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, p. 153The Third Man of the Double Helix, p. 154 These were termed DNA 'B' and 'A' respectively. The work on DNA was subsequently divided, Franklin taking the A form to study and Wilkins the 'B' form.The Third Man of the Double Helix, p. 158Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, p. 155 The x-ray diffraction pictures taken by Franklin at this time have been called, by J. D. Bernal, "amongst the most beautiful x-ray photographs of any substance ever taken".Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, p. 153

By the end of 1951 it was generally accepted in King's that the B form of DNA was a helix, but Franklin in particular was unconvinced that the A form of DNA was helical in structure.The Third Man of the Double Helix, p. 176 As a practical joke Franklin and Gosling produced a death notice regretting the loss of helical crystalline DNA (A-DNA).The Third Man of the Double Helix, p. 182 During 1952 Rosalind Franklin and Raymond Gosling worked at applying the Patterson function to the x-ray pictures of DNA they had produced,Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, p. 168 this was a long and labour-intensive approach but would give an insight into the structure of the molecule.Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, p. 169The Third Man of the Double Helix, pp. 232-233 In February 1953 Francis Crick and James Watson of the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge University had started to build a model of the B form of DNA using similar data to that available to the team at King's. Model building had been applied succesfully in the elucidation of the structure of the alpha helix by Linus Pauling in 1951,Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, p. 147The Third Man of the Double Helix, p. 158 but Rosalind Franklin was opposed to building theoretical models, taking the view that building a model was only to be undertaken after the structure was known.Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, p. 161The Third Man of the Double Helix, p. 176

Francis Crick and James Watson published their model in Nature on 25 April 1953 in an article describing the double-helical structure of DNA.Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, p. 212 Articles by Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin R. Franklin and R. G. Gosling:Molecular Configuration in Sodium Thymonucleate, Nature (1953) volume 171 pages 740-741.full text illuminating their x-ray diffraction data published in the same issue of Nature supported the Crick and Watson model for the B form of DNA.Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, p. 210 Rosalind Franklin eventually left King's College London in March 1953 to move to Birkbeck College in a move that had been planned for some time.Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, p. 168

Work at Birkbeck College, London

Franklin's work in Birkbeck involved the use of x-ray crystallography to study the structure of the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) under J. D. BernalRosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, p. 229 and was funded by the Agricultural Research Council(ARC).Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, p. 235 In 1954 Franklin began a longstanding and successful collaboration with Aaron Klug.Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, p. 249 In 1955 Franklin had a paper published in the journal Nature, indicating that TMV virus particles were all of the same length, Franklin, R.E. (1955) Structure of tobacco mosaic virus. Nature 175:379-381 this was in direct contradiction to the ideas of the eminent virologist Norman Pirie, though her observation ultimately proved correct.Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, p. 252

Rosalind Franklin worked on rod like viruses such as TMV with her Ph.D. student Kenneth Holmes, while Aaron Klug worked on spherical viruses with his student John Finch, Rosalind Franklin coordinated the work and was in charge.Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, p. 254 Rosalind Franklin also had a research assistant, James Watt, subsidised by the National Coal Board and was now the Leader of the "ARC Group" at Birkbeck.Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, p. 256 By the end of 1955 her team had completed a model of the TMV and were working on viruses affecting several plants, including potato, turnip, tomato and pea.Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, p. 262 Rosalind Franklin and Don Casper produced a paper each in Nature that taken together demonstrated that the RNA in TMV is wound along the inner surface of the hollow virus.Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, p. 269 Franklin, R.E. (1956) Location of the ribonucleic acid in the tobacco mosaic virusparticle. Nature 177:928

Final work, illness and death

In the summer of 1956, while on a work related trip to the United States of America (USA) Franklin first began to suspect a health problem,Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, p. 284. An operation in September of the same year revealed two tumours in her abdomen.Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, p. 285 After this period of illness Rosalind Franklin spent some time convalescing at the home of Francis Crick and his wife Odile.Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, p. 288 She continued to work and her group continued to produce results, seven papers in 1956 and a further six in 1957.Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, p. 292 In 1957 the group was also working on the polio virus and had obtained funding from the Public Health Service of the National Institutes of Health in the USA.Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, p. 296 At the end of 1957 Franklin again fell ill and was admited to the Royal Marsden Hospital. She returned to work in January 1958 and was given a promotion to Research Associate in Biophysics.Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, p. 302 She fell ill again on the 30th of March Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, p.305 and died on the 16th of April of ovarian cancer.Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, p.307 Exposure to x-ray radiation is considered a possible factor in her illness.*

Controversies surrounding Rosalind Franklin

Various controversies have surrounded Rosalind Franklin; these have all come to light after her death.

Allegations of sexism at King's College

There have been allegations that Rosalind Franklin was discriminated against because of her gender:

One of the allegations is that King's, as an institution, was sexist, the thrust of the allegation being that women were excluded from the staff dining room, and had to eat their meals in the student hall or away from the University. Rosalind Franklin and DNA, p.97Bryson, B. A Short History of Nearly Everything. (2004), page 490. Black Swan edition 0 552 99704 8 This does not appear to be the whole story. Whereas it is true that there was a dining room for the exclusive use of men (as was the case at other University of London colleges at the time), there was also a mixed gender dining room that overlooked the river Thames, and many male scientists refused to use the male only dining room, due to the preponderance of theologians.Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, p. 128

The other accusation regarding gender is that women were under-represented in John Randall's group, the claim is that there was only one other woman in the group and that the women were excluded because of their gender.Rosalind Franklin and DNA, p.99 In fact women seem to have been (by the standards of the time) exceptionally well-represented in the group, representing eight out of thirty-one members of staff,Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, p. 133 or possibly closer to one in three.The Third Man of the Double Helix, p. 256

Rosalind Franklin's contribution to the Crick and Watson model of DNA

Rosalind Franklin's contributions to the Crick and Watson model include an X-ray photograph of B-DNA (called photograph 51),Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, pp. 177-178 that was briefly shown to James Watson by Maurice Wilkins in January 1953,Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, p. 196Crick, F. H. C. What Mad Pursuit, p67 ISBN 0465091377 and a report written for an MRC biophysics committee visit to King's in December 1952. The report contained unpublished data from the King's group, including Rosalind Franklin's work, and was given to Francis Crick by his thesis supervisor Max Perutz, a member of the visiting committee.Elkin, L.O. Rosalind Franklin and the Double Helix Physics Today March 2003, p. 61Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, pp. 198-199 Maurice Wilkins had been given photograph 51 by Rosalind Franklin's PhD student Raymond Gosling, because she was leaving King's to work at Birkbeck, there was nothing untoward in this,Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, pp. 196The Third Man of the Double Helix, p. 198 though it has been implied, incorrectly, that Maurice Wilkins had taken the photograph out of Rosalind Franklin's drawer.The Third Man of the Double Helix, p. 257 Likewise Max Perutz saw no harm in showing the MRC report to Francis Crick as it had not been marked as confidential.Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, p. 199 The upshot of all this was that when Francis Crick and James Watson started to build their model in February 1953 they were working with very similar data to those available at King's. Rosalind Franklin was probably never aware that her work had been used during construction of the model.Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, p. 316

Recognition of her contribution to the Crick and Watson model

On the completion of their model, Francis Crick and James Watson had invited Maurice Wilkins to be a co-author of their paper describing the structure.The Third Man of the Double Helix, p. 213Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, p. 205 Maurice Wilkins turned down this offer, as he had taken no part in building the model.The Third Man of the Double Helix, p. 214 Maurice Wilkins later expressed regret that greater discussion of co-authorship had not taken place as this may have helped to clarify the contribution the work at King's had made to the discovery.The Third Man of the Double Helix, p. 226 There is no doubt that Rosalind Franklin's experimental data were used by Crick and Watson to build their model of DNA in 1953 (see above). That she is not cited in their original paper outlining their model may be a question of circumstance, it would have been very difficult to cite the unpublished work from the MRC report they had seen.Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, p. 207 It should be noted that the x-ray diffraction work of both Maurice Wilkins and William Astbury are cited in the paper, and that the unpublished work of both Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins are acknowledged in the paper. Crick, F. H. C. and Watson, J. D. (1953) Molecular structure of nucleic acids, Nature 171 pp. 737-738

Nobel Prize

The rules of the Nobel Prize forbid posthumous nominations.Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, p. 205 Rosalind Franklin had died in 1958, Francis Crick, James Watson and Maurice Wilkins won their Nobel Prize in 1962. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962, for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material, Nobelprize.org The award was given for work on nucleic acids and not exclusively for the discovery of the structure of DNA.The Third Man of the Double Helix, p. 242 By the time of the award Maurice Wilkins had been working on the structure of DNA for over ten years, and had done much to confirm the Crick-Watson model.The Third Man of the Double Helix, p. 240 Francis Crick had been working on the genetic code at Cambridge.The Third Man of the Double Helix, p. 243 James Watson had worked on RNA for some years. The Nobel Prize was awarded in recognition of these contributions in addition to the proposal of a structure for DNA.

Posthumous recognition


References

Bibliography

  • Maddox, Brenda Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, 2002. ISBN 0006552110.
  • Wilkins, Maurice, The Third Man of the Double Helix, an autobiography ISBN 0192806673.
  • Sayre, Anne. 1975. Rosalind Franklin and DNA. New York: W.W. Norton and Company. ISBN 0393320448.

Further reading

  • Robert Olby, "The Path to The Double Helix: Discovery of DNA", (1974). MacMillan ISBN 046681173

  • Chomet, S. (Ed.), D.N.A. Genesis of a Discovery, (1994). Newman- Hemisphere Press.

  • Crick, Francis, What Mad Pursuit: A Personal View of Scientific Discovery (1990), Basic Books. ISBN 0465091385

  • Krude, Torsten (Ed.) DNA Changing Science and Society: The Darwin Lectures for 2003 CUP 2003, includes a lecture by Sir Aaron Klug on Rosalind Franklin's involvement in the determination of the structure of DNA.

  • Freeland Judson, Horace, "The Eighth Day of Creation. Makers of the Revolution in Biology"; Penguin Books 1995, first published by Jonathan Cape, 1977; ISBN 13579108642.

See also

External links

1920 births | 1958 deaths | Academics of King's College London | Academics of Birkbeck, University of London | Alumni of Newnham College, Cambridge | Biophysicists | British biologists | British chemists | British scientists | British Jews | Deaths from ovarian cancer | Molecular biologists | Women biologists | Women chemists

Розалинд Френклин | Rosalind Franklin | Rosalind Franklin | Rosalind Franklin | Rosalind Elsie Franklin | Rosalind Franklin | Rosalind Franklin | Rosalind Franklin | רוזלינד פרנקלין | Rosalind Franklin | ロザリンド・フランクリン | Rosalind Franklin | Rosalind Franklin | Rosalind Franklin

 

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