article

Howzeh.jpg Qom (Persian: قم, also known as Qum or Kum) is a city in Iran. It lies 97 miles by road south-west of Tehran and is the capital of Qom Province. It has an estimated population of 1,042,309 in 2005.*

Qom is considered to be a holy city in Shi'a Islam, as it is the site of the shrine of Hæzræt Fatimah Ma'sumah, sister of Imam ˤAlī ibn-Mūsā Riđā (Persian Imam Reza, 789-816 CE). The city is home to Iran's largest seminary, competing only with Najaf in Iraq.

History

Qom as an urban settlement existed in the pre-Islamic ages. Architectural discoveries indicate that Qom was a residential area from the 5th millennium BC. Pre-Islamic remaining relics and historical texts point to the fact of Qom being a large regional city. Kum was known to be the name of this ancient city, thus, the incoming 7th century Arabs called it Qom during the conquests of Iran.

During the caliphate of ˤUmar ibn al-Khattāb, the area of Qom fell to the invading Arab armies of Islam. In 645AD, Abu Musa Ash'ari, also dispatched forces under his command to the area. Conflicts resulted between the incoming Arab army and the residents of the area. In Seljuki times, the city flourished as well. During the Mongol invasion of Persia the city witnessed widespread destruction, but after the Mongol ruling dynasty, also known as the Ilkhanate, converted to Islam during the reign of Öljeitü (Persian Muhammad Khudabænde), the city received special attention, thus undergoing a revival once more.

In the late 14th century, the city was plundered by Tamerlane and the inhabitants were massacred. But during the periods of rule of the Qara Qoyunlu, Aq Qoyunlu and especially during the reign of the Safavids, Qom gained special attention and gradually developed due to its religious shrine.

By 1503 AD, Qom became one of the important centers of theology in relation to the Shia Islam, and became a significant religious pilgrimage site and pivot.

The city suffered heavy damages again during the Afghan invasions, resulting in consequent severe economic hardships. Qom further sustained damages during the reigns of Nadir Shah and the conflicts between the two households of Zandieh and Qajariyeh in order to gain power over Iran.

Finally in 1793AD, Qom came under the control of Agha Muhammad Khan Qajar. On being victorious over his enemies, the Qajar Sultan Fæteh Æli Shah was responsible for the repairs done on the sepulchre and Holy Shrine of Hæzræt Mæ'sume, as he had made such a vow.

The city of Qom began an era of prosperity in the Qajar era yet once again. After Russian forces entered Karaj in 1915, many of the inhabitants of Tehran moved to Qom due to reasons of proximity, and the transfer of the capital from Tehran to Qom was even discussed. But the British and Russians defeated prospects of the plan by putting Æhmæd Shah Qajar under political pressure. Coinciding with this period, a "National Defense Committee" was set up in Tehran, and Qom turned into a political and military apex against the Russian and British colonial powers.

Many years later, Qom also became the center from which Ayatollah Khomeini based his opposition to the Pahlavi dynasty while in Iran. For many years, Qom was the home of Ayatollah Khomeini who led Iran during the events that led to the Islamic revolution in 1979 before permanently leaving for Tehran after the revolution.

Qom today

Today, Qom is counted as one of the focal centers of the Shi'a both in Iran and around the globe. Its theological center and the Holy Shrine of Hadrat Ma'sumah are prominent features of the provincial capital of Qom province. Another religious site of pilgrimage is outside the city of Qom and is called Jamkaran.

Qom's proximity to Tehran has given it an advantage as well.

Attractions of Qom

Iran's Cultural Heritage Organization lists 195 sites of historical and cultural significance in Qom. But the more visited sites of Qom are:

  • Kahak Cave
  • Vashnuh Cave
  • Howz-e Soltan Salt Lake
  • Namak Great Salt Lake
  • Mar'ashi Najafi Library, with over 500,000 handwritten texts and copies.
  • Astaneh Moqaddaseh Museum
  • Qom Bazaar
  • Feyzieh Seminary
  • Jamkaran Mosque
  • Jami' Mosque Qom
  • Atiq Mosque in Qom
  • A'zam Mosque
  • Shrine of Fatimah al-Masumah

Universities in Qom

  1. Mofid University
  2. Islamic Azad University of Qom
  3. University of Qom
  4. The Research Institute of Hawzeh va Daneshgah
  5. Computer Research Center of Islamic Sciences, Qom
  6. Imam Khomeini Education and Research Institute
  7. The Research Institute of Hawzah va Danishgah
  8. Computer Research Center of Islamic Sciences, Qom
  9. Qom University of Medical Sciences
  10. Fatemieh School of Medical Sciences

Seminaries of Qom

Qom is currently the largest center for Shi'a scholarship in the world. The following seminaries (Hawzahs) are located there:

  • Amuliyah Seminary
  • Ayatollah Golpayegani Seminary
  • Ayatollah Mar'ashi Najafi Seminary
  • Abul-Sadigh Seminary
  • Imam al-Husayn Seminary
  • Imam al-Askari Seminary
  • Imam al-Mahdi Seminary
  • Imam al-Hadi Seminary
  • Rasul ul-A'dham Seminary
  • Sayyed Hasan al-Shirazi Seminary
  • Alwandiyah Seminary
  • Imam al-Khamenei Seminary
  • Imam al-Baqir Seminary
  • Imam Hasan al-Mujtaba Seminary
  • Imam Khomeini Seminary
  • Imam al-Sadiq Seminary
  • Imam al-Hadi Seminary
  • Amir al-Mu'menin Seminary
  • Bi'that Seminary
  • Jabir ibn al-Hayyan Seminary
  • Al-Zahra Seminary
  • Jafariyah Seminary
  • Haj Sayyed Sadiq Seminary
  • Haj Ghazanfar Seminary
  • Hojattiyeh Seminary
  • Hossaynie Seminary
  • Hadhrat al-Masuma Seminary
  • Dar al-Shifa Seminary
  • Rasul al-Akram Seminary
  • Sa'adat Seminary
  • Sharafiddin Amili Seminary
  • Shahabiyah Seminary
  • Shahid Sadr Seminary
  • Shahidayn Seminary
  • Sadiqqiyah Seminary
  • Saduq Seminary
  • Seminary of The Judiciary
  • Alavi Seminary
  • Fatimie Seminary
  • Feyzie Seminary
  • Qadiriye Seminary
  • Kermani-ha Seminary
  • Ma'sumiye Seminary
  • Mahdi Mow'ud Seminary
  • Na'ini Seminary
  • Wahidiyah Seminary
  • Wali Asr Seminary
  • Al-Alam Seminary
  • Ad-Dirasat al-Islamiyya Seminary
  • Maktab al-Mahdi Seminary
  • Maktab at-Towhid Seminary
  • al-Kawthar Seminary

Listing of Qom's Senior ranking clerics

The following is a list of Grand Ayatollahs and the most senior ranking Ayatollahs in or directly related to Qom.

Current

Deceased

Sister cities

Santiago de Compostela, Spain

See also

Other external links about Qom

Religiously affiliated

Non-Religiously affiliated

Holy cities | Cities in Iran | Iranian provincial capitals

قم | Qom | Qom | قم | Qom | Qom | Qom | コム (都市) | Qom | Qom

 

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the "Qom".

Home Page • arts • business • computers • games • health • hospitals • home • kids & teens • news • physicians • recreation• reference • regional • science • shopping • society • sports • world