The Osage-orange (Maclura pomifera) is a plant in the mulberry family Moraceae. It is also known as hedge-apple, horse-apple, hedge ball, bois d'arc, bodark (in Texas), and bow wood. A common slang term for it is also monkey brain or monkey ball due to its brainlike appearance.

The species is dioeceous, with male and female flowers on different plants. It is a small deciduous tree or large shrub, typically growing to 8-15 m tall. The fruit, a syncarp of achenes, is roughly spherical, but bumpy, and 7-15 cm in diameter, and it is filled with a very sticky white sap. In Fall, its color turns a bright yellow-green and it has a faint odor similar to that of oranges.

History

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The plant is native to an area in the central United States consisting of southwestern Arkansas, southeastern Oklahoma, a narrow belt in eastern Texas, and the extreme northwest corner of Louisiana, but was not common anywhere. It was a curiosity when Meriwether Lewis sent some slips and cuttings to President Jefferson in March 1804. The samples, donated by "Mr. Peter Choteau, who resided the greater portion of his time for many years with the Osage Nation according to Lewis' letter, didn't take, but later the thorny Osage-orange was widely naturalized throughout the U.S.

The trees picked up the name bois d'arc, or "bow-wood", because early French settlers observed the wood being used for bow-making by Native Americans. The people of the Osage Nation "esteem the wood of this tree for the making of their bows, that they travel many hundred miles in quest of it," Meriwether Lewis was told in 1804.

Uses

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The sharp-thorned trees were planted as cattle-deterring hedges before the introduction of barbed wire. The heavy, closely grained yellow-orange wood is very dense and is prized for tool handles, tree nails, fence posts, electrical insulators and other applications requiring a strong dimensionally-stable wood that withstands rot. Additionally, a yellow-orange dye can be extracted from the wood, which can be used as a substitute for fustic and aniline dyes. When dried, the wood also makes excellent fire wood that burns long and hot.

The fruits have a pleasant and mild odor, but are inedible for the most part. Although not strongly poisonous, eating it may cause vomiting. The fruits are sometimes torn apart by squirrels to get at the seeds, but few other native animals make use of it as a food source. This is unusual, as most large fleshy fruits serve the function of seed dispersal, accomplished by their consumption by large animals. One recent hypothesis is that the Osage-orange fruit was eaten by a giant sloth that became extinct shortly after the first human settlement of North America. An equine species that went extinct at the same time also has been suggested as the plant's original dispersal mechanism because modern horses and other livestock will sometimes eat the fruit.

Today, the fruit is sometimes used to deter spiders, cockroaches, boxelder bugs, crickets, fleas, and other insects. It is said to become ineffective when it dries and blackens.

References

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• Barlow, Connie and Paul Martin, 2002.The Ghosts of Evolution: Nonsensical Fruit, Missing Partners, and Other Ecological Anachronisms, which covers the now-extinct large herbivores with which fruits like Osage-orange and Avocado co-evolved in the Western Hemisphere.
• Mabberley, D.J. 1987. The Plant Book. A portable dictionary of the higher plants. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 706 p. ISBN 0521340608.
• Smithsonian March 2004, p. 35.

External links

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• Osage-orange factsheet from the United States Forest Service
• Facts and Myths Associated with "Hedge Apples" from an Iowa State University website
• Maclura pomifera images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu

Moraceae

Milchorangenbaum | Oranger des Osages | Osagedoorn | Yalancı portakalağacı | 桑橙