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Northeast China (Simplified Chinese: 东北; Traditional Chinese: 東北; Pinyin: dōngběi) is a region of the People's Republic of China defined by governmental bureaus that includes China's three northeast provinces: Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning. Northeast China is separated from Russia largely by the Amur, Argun, and Ussuri rivers, from North Korea by the Yalu and Tumen rivers, and from Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region by the Da Hinggan. The heartland of Northeast China is the Northeast China Plain or Dongbei Plain (Simplified Chinese: 东北平原; Traditional Chinese: 東北平原; Pinyin: dōngběi Píngyuán).
History
Northeast China was the homeland of several nomadic tribes, including the Manchu (or Jurchens), Ulchs, Hezhen (also known as the Goldi and Nanai). Various ethnic groups and their respective kingdoms, including the Gojoseon, Sushen, Xianbei, Buyeo, Mohe, Goguryeo, Balhae, and Khitan have risen to power in the Northeast. Han Chinese dynasties in China loosely controlled southern Northeast China until the Song dynasty. During the Song dynasty, the Khitan set up the Liao dynasty in northeastern China. Later, the Jurchen overthrew the Liao and formed the Jin Dynasty (1115–1234), which went on to conquer northern China. In 1234, the Jin Dynasty fell to the Mongols, who were later replaced by the Ming Dynasty in 1368. In 1644, the Manchu conquered the entirety of China and established the Qing dynasty (1644–1912).
Northeast China came under Russian influence with the building of the Chinese eastern railway through Harbin to Vladivostok. Japan replaced Russian influence in Northeast China as a result of the Russo-Japanese War in 1904–1905, and Japan laid the South Manchurian Railway in 1906 to Port Arthur.During the period of the warlords in China, Chang Tso-Lin established himself in Northeast China , but was murdered by the Japanese for being too independent; the last Manchu emperor, Pu Yi, was then placed on the throne to lead a Japanese puppet government--Manchukuo. After the atomic bombing of Japan in1945, the Soviet Union invaded Northeast China as part of its declaration of war against Japan. From 1945 to 1948, Northeast China was a base area for the Communist People's Liberation Army in the Chinese Civil War. With the encouragement of the Soviet Union, Northeast China was used as a staging ground during the Civil War for the Chinese Communists, who were victorious in 1949 and has been controling this region since.
Demographics
Northeast China has a total population of about 110 million, accounting for 8% of China’s total population. The majority of the population in Northeast is Han Chinese. Other major ethnic groups include the Manchus, the Mongols, the Koreans, the Huis, the Xibes, etc.
Economy
Northeast China is the country’s traditional heavy industry base, focusing mainly on equipment manufacturing. Major industries include Steel industry, Auto industry, shipbuilding industry, aircraft manufacturing, Petroleum refinery, etc. The gross regional product of the three northeastern province totaled ¥ 160.3 trillion in the year 2002. In recent years, the Chinese government has initialized the Revitalize the Northeast campaign to turn this region as China's next economic growth engine.
Culture
In general, the culture of Northeast China takes its elements from the cultures of North China and especially Shandong, where most of the Han Chinese migration into Northeast China originated, the native Tungus peoples and its own innovations.
People from Northeast China speak northeastern varieties of Mandarin Chinese, known collectively as Dongbeihua, or the Northeast China dialect. This dialect is very similar to the Beijing dialect, upon which standard Chinese (Putonghua) is based, and some Northeasterners claim to speak a more pure form of Mandarin than those in China's capital.
Errenzhuan, Yang-ge and Jiju are popular forms of traditional entertainment in Northeast China.
Because of its climatic conditions, Northeast China is the base for China's winter sports. Ice hockey and skating athletes often come from or were educated in Northeast China.
Major Cities
Major Universities
- Northeastern University (东北大学)
- Dalian University of Technology (大连理工大学)
- Jilin University (吉林大学)
- Northeast Normal University (东北师范大学)
- Northeast Forestry University (东北林业大学)
External Links
"Northeast China"