The New Fourth Army Incident, also known as the Wannan (Southern Anhui) Incident, occurred during the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945), during which the Chinese Civil War was in theory suspended, uniting the Communists and Nationalists against the Japanese. It is significant as the end of real cooperation between the Nationalists and Communists. Today, ROC and PRC historians view the New Fourth Army Incident differently. From the ROC point of view it was punishment of Communist insubordination; from the PRC view it was Nationalist treachery.

In the fall of 1940, the Communist New Fourth Army attacked Nationalist forces under Han Deqin. Benton's book New Fourth Army argues the Communist attack was a counterattack, a response to an initial attack by Han Deqin, and that this initial attack was the result of Chen Yi's goading and harassment of Nationalist forces. Regardless, the conflict led to heavy losses for the Nationalists.

For PRC historians the incident began in December of 1940, when Chiang Kai-shek demanded the withdrawal of the New Fourth Army from Anhui and Jiangsu. The New Fourth Army commanders complied, but even so they were ambushed by Nationalist troops on January 7, 1941, leading to heavy losses — including many civilian workers who staffed the army's political headquarters--in fighting that lasted until January 13. Ye Ting was detained and the Army's political chief of staff Xiang Ying was killed. Chiang Kai-shek ordered the New Fourth Army disbanded on January 17. However, on January 20, the Chinese Communist Party in Yan'an ordered the reorganization of the army. Chen Yi was the new army commander. Liu Shaoqi was the political commissar. The new headquarters was in Jiangsu, which was the general headquarters for the New Fourth Army and the Eighth Route Army. Together, they comprised seven divisions and one independent brigade, totalling over ninety thousand troops.

The New Fourth Army, the Eighth Route Army, and other troops led by the CCP were incorporated into the People's Liberation Army in June, 1946.

References

• New Fourth Army: Communist Resistance along the Yangtze and the Huai, 1938-1941. Benton, Gregor. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999. 949 pages. ISBN 0520219929

National Revolutionary Army

皖南事变