Minister-President

A minister-president (plural ministers-president) is the head of government in a number of European countries or subnational governments, who presides over the council of ministers. It is an alternative term for Prime Minister or First Minister.

Austria

From 1867 to 1918, the first minister of the government was known as Ministerpräsident, before that Staatskanzler. Today the head of government is called the Bundeskanzler (Federal Chancellor). The governor of a state is called Landeshauptmann (male) or Landeshauptfrau (female), not Ministerpräsident/-in.

See: List of Ministers-President of Austria.

Belgium

The term is also used in Belgium, to describe the head of government of a Belgian region or linguistic community.

According to the Belgian constitution, the federal prime minister of Belgium is appointed by the king, and approved by federal parliament with a vote of confidence (in practice the king usually appoints the leader of the winning party as "formateur" to form a government). The federal ministers later swear an oath of allegiance to the king. The ministers-president of the states are not appointed by the king, but directly by the state parliaments. State ministers are not requierd to swear allegiance to the king but simply take an oath in the state parliaments.

See:

Germany

The Ministerpräsident is the head of government of a German state; the office corresponds to the governorship of a state in the United States. Since the German language reflects the gender in the nouns, the female version of Ministerpräsident would be Ministerpräsidentin. The correct way of addressal would be for men "Herr Ministerpräsident" and for women "Frau Ministerpräsidentin". There is some confusion about the correct English translation, the Ministerpräsident/-in is either known as "Minister-President" or "Prime Minister". (ex. Prime Minister of Brandenburg Prime Minister of Lower Saxony [http://www.international.niedersachsen.de/en/landesregierung.html). The title can be translated as "Minister President", "Minister-President", or "Premier".

Generally the constitutional position of a Minister-President in a state is very similar to the one of chancellor on the federal level. He is elected by a majority in the state-parliament (Landtag), appoints the state-ministers and determines the policy guidelines. He also, along with several of his ministers, represents the state in the Bundesrat, the German Federal Council. They can be very powerful within the federal structure, such as the Ministerpräsident of Bavaria.

Note: All heads of the Länder governments are called Ministerpräsident/-in, with the exceptions of the city-states of Berlin, Bremen, and Hamburg. There the heads of state government are called Regierender Bürgermeister (Governing Mayor) of Berlin, Bürgermeister und Präsident des Senats (Mayor and President of the Senate) of Bremen, and Erster Bürgermeister (First Mayor) of Hamburg. They hold the same power and position as the other Ministers-President.

The Netherlands

In the Netherlands the prime minister is always referred to as minister-president. His responsibilities are defined in the constitution of 1848 (president of the council of ministers). The title of minister-president is officially used since 1945.

Norway

In Norway, Vidkun Quisling, head of the puppet government during the Nazi occupation in World War II, was also known as the "Minister-President".

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Austria

Belgium

Germany

The Netherlands

Norway